1. Activation energy

2. Review of Exothermic Reactants Ep is higher than Products Ep. Now, we must consider the activation energy (the energy needed so that the reactants bonds will break and reform to make product)

3. Review of Endothermic Reactants Ep is lower than Products Ep. Need to add more energy to the system for the forward reaction to take place. Still need to consider activation energy

4. Activated complex is an unstable chemical species containing partially formed bonds representing the maximum potential energy point in the change -also known as the transition state

5. Activated Complex Is the short-lived, unstable structure formed during a successful collision between reactant particles. Old bonds of the reactants are in the process of breaking, and new products are forming Ea is the minimum energy required for the activation complex to form and for a successful reaction to occur.

6. Fast and slow reactions The smaller the activation energy, the faster the reaction will occur regardless if exothermic or endothermic. If there is a large activation energy needed, that means that more energy (and therefore, time) is being used up for the successful collisions to take place.

7. Reaction Mechanism

8. Reaction Mechanisms The overall progress of a chemical reaction can be represented at the molecular level by a series of simple elementary steps or elementary reactions. The sequence of elementary steps that leads to product formation is the reaction mechanism. 2NO (g) + O 2 (g) 2NO 2 (g) N 2 O 2 is detected during the reaction! Elementary step:NO + NO N 2 O 2 Elementary step:N 2 O 2 + O 2 2NO 2 Overall reaction:2NO + O 2 2NO 2 +

9. Elementary step:NO + NO N 2 O 2 Elementary step:N 2 O 2 + O 2 2NO 2 Overall reaction:2NO + O 2 2NO 2 + Intermediates are species that appear in a reaction mechanism but not in the overall balanced equation. An intermediate is always formed in an early elementary step and consumed in a later elementary step. Reaction Intermediates

10. Rate Laws and Rate Determining Steps Writing plausible reaction mechanisms: The sum of the elementary steps must give the overall balanced equation for the reaction. The rate-determining step should predict the same rate law that is determined experimentally. The rate-determining step is the slowest step in the sequence of steps leading to product formation.

11. Molecularity The number of molecules that participate as reactants in an elementary step Unimolecular: a single molecule is involved. –Ex: CH 3 NC (can be rearranged) –Radioactive decay –Its rate law is 1 st order with respect to that reactant

12. Bimolecular: Involves the collision of two molecules (that form a transition state that can not be isolated) –Ex: NO + O 3  NO 2 + O 2 –It’s rate law is 1 st order with respect to each reactant and therefore is 2 nd order overall. –Rate =k[NO][O 3 ]

13. Termolecular: simultaneous collision of three molecules. Far less probable. Some possible mechanisms for the reaction; 2A + B  C + D

16. Unimolecular reactionA productsrate = k [A] Bimolecular reactionA + B productsrate = k [A][B] Bimolecular reactionA + A productsrate = k [A] 2 Rate Laws and Elementary Steps

17. A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being consumed. EaEa k uncatalyzedcatalyzed rate catalyzed > rate uncatalyzed

18. Energy Diagrams ExothermicEndothermic (a)Activation energy (Ea) for the forward reaction (b)Activation energy (Ea) for the reverse reaction (c) Delta H 50 kJ/mol300 kJ/mol 150 kJ/mol100 kJ/mol -100 kJ/mol+200 kJ/mol

19. The experimental rate law for the reaction between NO 2 and CO to produce NO and CO 2 is rate = k[NO 2 ] 2. The reaction is believed to occur via two steps: Step 1:NO 2 + NO 2 NO + NO 3 Step 2:NO 3 + CO NO 2 + CO 2 What is the equation for the overall reaction? NO 2 + CO NO + CO 2 What is the intermediate? Catalyst? NO 3 What can you say about the relative rates of steps 1 and 2? rate = k[NO 2 ] 2 is the rate law for step 1 so step 1 must be slower than step 2 NO 2

20. Write the rate law for this reaction.Rate = k [HBr] [O 2 ] List all intermediates in this reaction. List all catalysts in this reaction. HOOBr, HOBr None

21. Reaction mechanisms are only educated guesses at the behaviour of molecules, but there are three rules that must be followed in proposing a mechanisms: 1. each step must be elementary 2. The slowest step must be consistent with the rate equation 3. The elementary steps must add up to the overall equation

22. Temperature Dependence of the Rate Constant k = A e -Ea/RT E a is the activation energy (J/mol) R is the gas constant (8.314 J/Kmol) T is the absolute temperature A is the frequency factor ln k = - -E a R 1 T + lnA (Arrhenius equation) Note: Changes to both the activation energy and temperature have exponential effects on the value k, hence rate of reaction

23. The Arrhenius equation show the effect of temperature on the rate constant, k It indicates that k depends exponentially on temperature Arrhenius equation : k = A e - E a /RT E a – activation energy R – gas constant, 8.3145 J mol -1 K -1 T - Kelvin temperature A – Arrhenius constant (depends on collision rate and shape of molecule)

24. k = A e - E a /RT As T increases, the negative exponent becomes smaller, so that value of k becomes larger, which means that the rate increases. Higher T  Larger k  Increased rate

25. ln k and 1/T is linear With R known, we can find Ea graphically from a series of k values at different temperatures. ln k 2 = - Ea ( 1/T 2 – 1/T 1 ) k 1 R Ea = -R (ln k 2 / k 1 ) ( 1/T 2 – 1/T 1 ) -1

26. Problem The decomposition of hydrogen iodide has rate constants of 9.51 x10 -9 L/mol.s at 500.0 K and 1.10 x 10 -5 L/mol.s at 600.0 K. Find Ea. Ea = - (8.314)( ln 1.10 x10 -5 / 9.51 x10 9 )(1/600.00 – 1/500.0) = 1.76 x 10 5 J/mol

27. If rearrange the equation and convert it to: lnk = - E a. 1 + lnA R T A graph of ln k against 1/T will be linear with a slope/gradient of –Ea/R and an intercept on the y-axis of lnA lnk = - E a. 1 + lnA R T y = m. x + b

28. Plot lnk vs. 1/T = straight line This is known as an Arrhenius plot