1. MEASUREMENTS, EMISSIONS and DISPERSION of NOx, HC, PM10

3. VÄSTRA GÖTALAND

4. Exemple for PM 10 as daily mean Checked bymeasurements in combination with models Year µg/m 3 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 20012002200320042005 Maximum permitted values Environmental quiality norm Upper check-level Lower check-level Checked by measurements Checked by models 70 75

5. Measurements Emission calculations Dispersion calculations

6. MEASURING SITES for PM10 Råö Borås Färgelanda Gothenburg Mariestad Aspvreten

7. Råö

12. BALTIC SEA Aspvreten

13. METEOROLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS IN BORÅS 1/1 –30/6 2003

16. MEASUREMENTS OF PM10

17. Month mean of

18. (all coexistent)

19. (no precipitation) Background wed thu frisatsunmontue

20. (no precipitation) Background wed thufri sat sun mon tue

21. (no precipitation) Background wed thufri sat sun mon tue

22. Street - Background (no precipitation) wedthu fri sat sun mon tue

23. (with precipitation) Street - Background wed thu fri sat sun mon tue

24. wed thufri sat sun mon tue Gothenburg Roof; city center

25. wed thu fri sat sun mon tue Gothenburg Roof; city center

26. Gothenburg Roof; city center Ratio wed thu fri sat sun mon tue

27. Wind direction

33. 4-7/1 (NE-SE)15-20/1 (S-NW)25/2-2/3 (E-SE) BoråsPM10192630 BoråsNa-marine0.312.070.04 BoråsNa-not marine0.140.480.26 BoråsSea salt170.1 BoråsSeasalt/PM100.050.270.003 RåöPM10113630 RåöNa-marine0.244.970.04 RåöNa-not marine0.250.000.21 RåöSea salt0.8160.1 RåöSeasalt/PM100.070.440.003 How much is sea salt?

35. Emissions from

36. VOC (ton/year ) 421.8 442.4 707.2 928.4 70.5 NOx (ton/Year ) 2398.8 1206.4 803.4 3964.3 267.7 Particles (ton/year) 235.5 92.1 72.7 302.2 41.0 Agriculture Forestry Housholding Industry Other

40. Emissions from roads

41. Type of cars:

42. Cars are split up by age: A B C D E F

43. Type of road:

44. Year of calculation: Traffic intensity is a function of year Number of cars of different ages is a function of year Traffic intensity on different parts of the roads:

45. Emissions (g/km) are functions of: Type of car Age of car Type of road Speed limit on road

46. Hot soak Cold start

48. Emissions from ships

50. Emissions in cities

51. Emissions ton/year Type of source AreaCarsShips Line+Harbour Total NOx803012200 17500 37730 HC22006050 310 8660 PM10700180 (from gas) 750 1630

52. ALARM-systemet Leif Enger Enger KM-konsult AB Blixtgatan 9 Uppsala Sweden leif @ enger.se

53. ALARM-system = Advanced Local And Regional Modeling system

54. The ALARM- system consist of Meteorology model Dispersion model Measurements Menu program Grafics

55. Meteorology model: The MIUU-model Developed by Leif Enger and several others at Meteorological Institute Uppsala University

56. ”The MIUU-method” for wind climate modelling Input Air pressure field Topography Surface roughness Landuse Ground temperature Cloudiness Longitude and latitude Time of year Initial profiles of temperature and hunidity MIUU-model Output Wind Temperature Humidity Turbulent energy WWEC 2003, November 23-26, Cape Town, South Africa Hans Bergström, Department of Earth Sciences-Meteorology, Uppsala University

57. Metorological database The MIUU-model simulates wind, temperature and turbulence over a day for a great number of cases: Three geostrophic wind speeds 36 different wind directions 4 different ”seasons” Calculated wind, temperature and turbulence fields are saved once per hour during the day. This provides us with about 10 000 different meteorological cases.

58. Database creation, phase 1: Wind, temperature and turbulence fields over Sweden and surrounding seas are simulated with the MIUU-model with 5 km resolution. This includes surrounding areas that is supposed to influence the wind climate over Sweden.

59. Database creation : Example of wind fields from simulation with the MIUU- model with 5 km resolution. A case in april with NW geostrophic wind of 15 m/s. The north and south areas fit very well in the overlapping parts, which give us the wind field for the whole Scandinavia. In this case high winds in e.g. the mountains, north and south Baltic Sea, as well as over Kattegatt and Skagerack. m/s

60. Database creation, phase 2: Wind, temperature and turbulence fields are simulated with the MIUU- model with 1 km resolution. Sweden is divided into 15 areas. Boundary conditions are taken from the model results from the 5 km resolution simulations.

61. The Alarm-system uses a combination of measurements and model simulations

62. Exemple of dispersion from area sources Movie: Dispersion of NOx during 4 days. One hour between each picture.

69. (ships)

70. Ships

72. DISPERSION FROM ALL SOURCES

73. ships Line

74. (Line + Area + ships)

76. (  g/m 3 ) Simulated NOx Simulated NO 2 (0.7NOx) Measured NO 2 Borås,StnA352527 Mariestad161114 Färgelanda12810 Trollhättan161112.5 Hjo10-117-86-8 Karlsborg10-117-85-9 Åmål11-168-1212-16