2. October 1 Magdalena Anguelova Ph.D. Candidate Advisor: Prof. Ferris Webster College of Marine Studies

4. Bubble Bath Glenn Miller

6. Bubbles in my beer Willie Nelson

8. Bubbles naturally formed in the ocean Marine life Breaking waves

11. Oceanic bubbles are associated with Oxygenic atmosphere Climate on the planet

12. Oxygenic atmosphere

15. Archaean Earth  Ancient atmosphere of:  methane;  ammonia;  other gases.  Bacterial life.

16. Earth’s biogeologic clock

17. Stromatolite fossils 760 million years old, Arizona

18. Living stromatolites Shark Bay, Australia

19. Stromatolites

20. Cyanobacteria  3 billion individuals per sq. meter;  Use sediment and organic material;  Build stromatolites up to 1.5 m high

21. The Miracle Planet PBS Series

22. The Miracle Planet PBS Series o This cycle continued for eons o Cyanobacteria photosynthesized o Releasing tiny bubbles of oxygen o The water gradually saturated with O 2 o Then O 2 escaped into the air and o Transformed the atmosphere o To air we now breath o Then ozone layer formed against UV.

23. Life conquered the land

24. Oceanic bubbles mediated oxygenic atmosphere

25. Oceanic bubbles are associated with Oxygenic atmosphere Climate on the planet

27. Oceanic whitecaps

28.  As waves break,  air mixes into the water,  and forms clouds of bubbles. Wave Breaking

29.  The small bubbles dissolve and disappear; The fate of the bubbles  The large bubbles rise to the surface,  Some bubbles join the ambient population of oceanic bubbles.

30.  While floating on the surface, bubbles burst. Bursting of bubbles

31.  Upon bursting, bubble caps shatter into thousands of small droplets. Film drops form. Film Drops

32.  As the bubble cavity collapses... Jet drops form. Jet Drops

33.  Under very high winds drops are torn from the wave crests and blown directly into the air. Spume drops form. Spume Drops

34.  In the air, this sea spray: sea- salt aerosols.  evaporates,  shrinks,  and forms  So, whitecaps fill the air with film, jet, and spume drops. Sea Spray

35. What are Aerosols?  Aerosols are minute stable particles, solid or liquid, suspended in the atmosphere. Clean (rural/marine) air.Polluted (urban) air.

36. Tiny Particles  Cannot be seen with the naked eye.  Seen as...

37. A sunrise over the China Sea

38.  The aerosols are:  Natural:  Man-made: Soil dust; Sea salt; Volcanic dust; Organic particles. Industrial; Burning biomass; Soot;  The most numerous are: Aerosol Types

39.  Aerosols can influence climate:  Directly:  Indirectly: - by reflecting incoming sunlight back to space. - by modifying the properties and lifetime of the clouds. Why are Aerosols so Important?

40.  More aerosols = more cloud droplets.  Reflect more sunlight.  Net result: cooling. Cloud Properties

41.  Inhibit the growth of cloud droplets.  Rain delayed.  Net result: longer cloud lifetime. Cloud Lifetime

42.  Oceans produce enormous amount of sea-salt aerosols.  For one year: 1.3  10 9 kg = 683 000 cars. Sea-salt aerosols

43.  Sea-salt aerosols are the major contributor to sunlight reflection.  Sea-salt aerosols facilitate the formation of drops in marine clouds. Sea-Salt Aerosols and Climate

44. Oceanic bubbles link ocean and atmosphere