1. 1.2: Understanding the Physical World Writing Prompt: 1) Explain one way that you have adapted to the environment. 2) Explain one advantage and one disadvantage to adapting the environment.

2. Objectives Explain the differences between various types of projection maps and identify their strengths and weaknesses. Identify the four major landforms. Explain what factors influence climate.

3. Tools of the Geographers Globes: more accurate than a map –Shaped like the earth, which is technically called an Ellipsoid. –“Gives true picture of the size and shape of the landmasses and of distances across oceans (pg. 8).” –Awkward, difficult to transport

4. Tools con’t Maps: Portable/Convenient/Practical –Drawbacks The world is not flat, thus all maps “distort the Earth in some way (pg. 8).”

5. 4 Types of maps 1.) Mercator projection 2.) Interrupted projection 3.) Peters projection 4.) Robinson projection

6. 1.) Mercator projection Created out of need in 1569. –Sailors/Explorers needed better maps that showed directions accurately. Positives: –Accurate view of land areas near the Equator. Drawbacks: –Distorts shape of lands near N. and S. American, and Greenland

7. Mercator projection

8. 2.) Interrupted projection Positives: –Proportionally sized and accurately shaped landmasses. Drawbacks: –Cuts out parts of the oceans –Makes it impossible to accurately measure distance involving oceans or plot a trans- oceanic routes

9. Interrupted projection

10. Peters projection Positives: –Correct areas of landmasses and oceans –Directions are also correct Drawbacks: –Distorts the shapes of Africa and S. America –Appear longer and thinner

11. Peters projection

12. Robinson projection Most commonly used today. Positives: –Proportionally sized and shaped (for the most part) –Gives moderately “accurate view of the sizes of oceans and the distances across land areas. Drawbacks: –Distorts peripheries

13. Robinson projection

14. Political Map Purpose: To show national boundaries. Boundaries of typically recognized on an international level; however, are subject to contention.

15. Topographical Map Shows the physical features of a region, such as rivers and elevation

16. Major Landforms 1.) Mountains 2.) Hills 3.) Plains 4.) Plateaus

17. 1.) Mountains High, steep, and rugged land that rises above surrounding land. Vary in elevation. All mountains are at least 2,000 feet above sea level. List 2 mountain ranges 1. 2.

18. 2.) Hills Areas of raised land, but they are lower and less steep than mountains. Larger populations than mountains Agricultural activities are easier than mountains.

19. 3.) Plains Large areas of fairly level or gently rolling land. Low elevation. Larger populations than mountains or hills. Better agricultural possibilities than the three other features.

20. 4.) Plateaus Large areas of high, flat or gently rolling land. Elevations vary 100s to 1000s of feet above sea level. Possibility for good farming. Populations will vary.

21. Climate Zones Climate: is the average weather a place has over a period of 20 to 30 years. Factors: –Location –Elevation Review chart on pg. 12

22. Review questions What type of projection map is most common today? What are 2 factors that influence a climate zone? What is a major drawback of a Peters projection map? What distinguishes a plateau from a hill. What is more common in Western PA hills or plains?