1. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU 101-1 Under-Graduate Project: RTL Coding Style Speaker: MingChun-Hsiao Date: 2012/11/27

2. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU P2 Outline  Principles of RTL Coding Styles  Readability  Finite state machine (FSM)  Coding for synthesis  Partitioning for synthesis  Debugging Tool: nLint

3. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU P3 Pre-RTL Preparation Checklist  Communicate design issues with your teammates  Naming conventions, directory trees and other design organizations  Have a specification for your design  Everyone should have a specification BEFORE they start coding  Design partition  Follow the specification’s recommendations for partition  Break the design into major functional blocks

4. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU P4 RTL Coding Style  Create a block level drawing of your design before you begin coding.  Draw a block diagram of the functions and sub-functions of your design.  Hierarchy design  Always think of the poor guy who has to read your RTL code.  Easy to understand.  Meaningful names.  Comments and headers. Start Cmpt End haha55 yaya66 Sum_2 Multiply_0

5. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU P5 Outline  Principles of RTL Coding Styles  Readability  Finite state machine (FSM)  Coding for synthesis  Partitioning for synthesis  Debugging Tool: nLint

6. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU P6 File Headers  Include informational header at the top of every source file, including scripts.  Filename  Author information, e.g. name, email…  Description of function and list of key features of the module  Available parameters  Reset scheme and clock domain  Date the file was created and modified  Critical timing and asynchronous interface

7. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU P7 File Header Example: DCT.v

8. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU P8 Identifiers Naming Rule  Begin with an alpha character (a-z, A-Z) or an underscore (_) and can contain alphanumeric, dollar signs ($) and underscore.  Examples of illegal identifiers:  34net  a*b_net  n@238  Up to 1023 characters long  Case sensitive  e.g. sel and SEL are different identifiers

9. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU P9 General Naming Conventions(1/3)  Lowercase letters for all signals, variables, and port names.  reg is used in procedural block  Uppercase letters for constants and user-defined types.  e.g. `define MEM_WIDTH 16  Verilog is case sensitive  Meaningful names  Use ram_addr for RAM address bus instead of ra

10. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU P10 General Naming Conventions(2/3)  Use clk for the clock signal  If more than one clock, use clk as the prefix for all clock signals (clk1, clk2, clk_interface)  For active low signals, use *_n  If the reset signal is active low, use rst_n  Similarly, for active high signals, use *_p  For input of a register, use *_w  For output of a register, use *_r  For input signals, use *_i  For output signals, use *_o

11. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU P11 Example assign reg1_w = data_i; assign reg2_w = com1_o; assign com1_i = reg1_r; always @ (posedge clk_p) begin reg1_r <= reg1_w; reg2_r <= reg2_w; end always @(*) begin com1_o = com1_i + 4’d5; end data_ireg1_wreg1_r com1_icom1_o data_o Reg1Com. Logic reg2_wreg2_r Reg2 Top For connection Logic

12. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU P12 General Naming Conventions(3/3)  Use [x:0] (instead of [0:x]) when describing multi-bit buses  A somewhat arbitrary suggested “standard”  Use parameter to improve readability  module car (out, in1, in2); ………… parameter S0_STOP = 2’d0, S1_RUN = 2’d1; ………… case (state) S0_STOP: …..  Don’t use HDL reserved words  e.g. xor, nand, module

13. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU P13 Use comments  Use comments appropriately to explain  Brief, concise, explanatory  Avoid “comment clutter”– obvious functionality does not need to be commented  Single-line comments begin with //  Multiple-line comments start with /* and end with */  Use indentation to improve the readability of continued code lines and nested loops  e.g.

14. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU P14 Module Instantiation  Always use explicit mapping for ports, use named mapping rather than positional mapping module_a ( clk, s1_i, s1_o, s2_i, s2_o );

15. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU P15 Use loops and arrays  Using loop to increase readability  Loop is usually used as memory initialization for example:

16. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU P16 Outline  Principles of RTL Coding Styles  Readability  Finite state machine (FSM)  Coding for synthesis  Partitioning for synthesis  Debugging Tool: nLint

17. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU P17 Finite State Machines  FSM have widespread application in digital systems.  Most frequently used in controller  Mealy Machine: The next state and the outputs depend on the present state and the inputs.  Moore Machine: The next state depends on the present state and the inputs, but the output depends on only the present state. output = f (In, CS) output = f (CS)

18. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU P18 Modeling FSM in Verilog  Sequential Circuits  Memory elements of States (S)  Combinational Circuits  Next-state Logic (NL)  Output Logic (OL)  Three coding styles  (1) Separate S, OL and NL  (2) Combines NL+ OL, separate S  (3) Combine S + NL, separate OL Not recommended!! Mix the comb. and seq. circuits

19. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU P19 Style (1) Style (1) Separate S, NL, OL

20. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU P20 Style (2) Style (2) Combine NL+OL; Separate S

21. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU P21 Style (3) Style (3) Combine S+NL; Separate OL Not Recommanded!! (Mixed sequential and combinational blocks)

22. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU P22 Outline  Principles of RTL Coding Styles  Readability  Finite state machine (FSM)  Coding for synthesis  Partitioning for synthesis  Debugging Tool: nLint

23. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU P23 Reset Signal  Use the reset signal to initialize registered signals dct_r <= 1’b0; dct_r <= dct_w;

24. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU P24 Avoid Latches (1/2)  Avoid using any latches in your design  Use a design checking tool (nLint) to check for latches in your design  Poor Coding Styles  Latch inferred because of missing else condition  Latches inferred because of missing assignments and missing condition

25. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU P25 Avoid Latches (2/2)  Avoid inferred latches  Fully assign outputs for all input conditions

26. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU P26 Avoid Combinational Feedback

27. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU P27 Sensitivity List (1/3)  For combinational blocks, the sensitivity list must include every signal that is read by the process.  Signals that appear on the right side of an assign statement  Signals that appear in a conditional expression  For simplicity, Verilog 2001 supports always @ (*)

28. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU P28 Sensitivity List (2/3)  Include a complete sensitivity list in each of always blocks  If not, the behavior of the pre-synthesis design may differ from that of the post-synthesis netlist.

29. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU P29 Sensitivity List (3/3)  For sequential blocks  The sensitive list must include the clock signal.  If an asynchronous reset signal is used, include reset in the sensitivity list.  Use only necessary signals in the sensitivity lists  Unnecessary signals in the sensitivity list slow down simulation

30. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU P30 Combinational vs. Sequential Blocks  Combinational logic  Use blocking (=) assignments  Execute in sequential order  Sequential logic  Use nonblocking (<=) assignments  Execute concurrently  Do not make assignments to the same variable from more than one always block. Multiple Assignment always@(*) begin sum_1 = A + B; sum_2 = sum_1 + C; end + + A B C sum_1 sum_2 always@(posedge clk) begin m1_r <= m1_w; m2_r <= m2_w; end m1_w m1_r clk m2_w m2_r clk

31. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU P31 case Statement  Fully specified verilog case statements result in a single-level multiplexer  Partially specified Verilog case statements result in latches case (sel) 2’b00: outc = a; 2’b01: outc = b; 2’b10: outc = c; default: outc = d; endcase;

32. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU P32 if-then-else Statement  An if-then-else statement infers a priority-encoded, cascaded combination of multiplexers. if (sel == 2’b00) outi = a; else if (sel = 2’b01) outi = b; else if (sel = 2’b10) outi = c; else outi = d;

33. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU P33 case vs. if-then-else Statements  case statements are preferred if the priority-encoding structure is not required  The multiplexer is faster.  if-then-else statement can be useful if you have a late- arriving signal  Connect the signal to a in last slide  A conditional assignment may also be used to infer a multiplexer. assign z = (sel_a) ? a : b;

34. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU P34 Outline  Principles of RTL Coding Styles  Readability  Finite state machine (FSM)  Coding for synthesis  Partitioning for synthesis  Debugging Tool: nLint

35. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU P35 Register All Outputs  For each subblock of a hierarchical macro design, register all output signals from the subblock.  Makes output drive strengths and input delays predictable

36. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU P36 Related Combinational Logic in a Single Module  Keep related combinational logic together in the same module R1 clk AB R2 clk C R1 clk ABC R2 clk R1 clk R2 clk ABC Bad Better Best

37. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU P37 Arithmetic Operators: Merging Resources  Consider the following code segment:  Normally two adders will be created.  However, if only an area constraint exists, synthesis tools are likely to synthesize a single adder and to share it between the two additions.  For synthesis tools to consider resource sharing, all relevant resources need to be within the same module if ctl = 1’b1 z = a + b; else z = c + d;

38. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU P38 Outline  Principles of RTL Coding Styles  Readability  Finite state machine (FSM)  Coding for synthesis  Partitioning for synthesis  Debugging Tool: nLint

39. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU P39 GUI  nLint -gui &

40. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU P40 Import Design

41. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU P41 Edit File

42. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU P42 Lint -> Run

43. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU P43 Fix Warning 1

44. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU P44 Search Rule  Right click -> Search Rule

45. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU P45 No Error & Warning

46. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU P46 Check for Synthesizable (1/2)  SpringSoft nLint  Check for correct mapping of your design  Not so power in detecting latches  Synopsys Design Compiler  Synthesis Tool  The embedded Presto Compiler can list your flip-flops and latches in details > dv -no_gui > read_verilog yourdesign.v

47. ACCESS IC LAB Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, NTU P47 Check for Synthesizable (2/2) Checking latches using Design Compiler