1. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. CHAPTER 08 Diversity and Adaptations of Insects in Selected Habitats

2. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. African dung beetle (Scarabaeidae) with ball of dung that will be buried as food for the larvae.

3. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 8.1 Examples of soil insects

4. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 8.2 The large size of this mound made by fungus-growing termites, Macrotermes sp., in Africa exemplifies the diligence, long life, and importance of termite colonies in the African savanna.

5. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 8.3 Examples of cave insects: a, cave cricket, Tropidischia xanthostoma (Gryllacrididae; scale equals 5 mm); b, blind cave beetle, Glacicavicola bathyscioides (Leiodidae; scale equals 1 mm).

6. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 8.4 Tenebrionid beetles of the Namib Desert in Africa.

7. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 8.5 A snow flea or wingless scorpionfly, Boreus sp. (Boreidae), is active on snow in winter at higher elevations.

8. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 8.6 Examples of aquatic insects

9. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 8.7 Insects as decomposers in water and on soil.

10. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 8.8 Parasitic hemipteroids

11. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 8.9 Various parasites of vertebrates: a, beaver beetle, Platypsylla castoris; b, parasitic dermapteran, Hemimerus talpoides; c, streblid bat fly; d, oriental rat flea, Xenopsylla cheopis, a vector of plague; e, nycteribiid bat fly.

12. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 8.10 Examples of concealing coloration:

13. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 8.11 Example of special resemblance: the Neotropical nymphalid butterfly, Caligo sp., has large eye spots on the hind wings.

14. Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity, 3/e James B. Whitfield / Alexander H. Purcell III Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Figure 8.12 Multiple mimicry: a, monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus; b, queen butterfly, Danaus gilippus; c, viceroy butterfly, Limenitis archippus.