1. Evidence for Evolution Area: Embryology Examples: embryo of pig and human Pro: best evidence because it is the most fundamental or basic information Vocabulary:embryo — early stages of developing plants and animals comparative embryology — study of different developing organisms.

2. Comparative Embryology

4. Evidence for Evolution Area: Biochemistry Examples: amino acid sequence of chimpanzee and human Con:limited access to amino acids of past organisms Vocabulary:comparative biochemistry — comparing amino acid sequences of different organisms

5. Human (H)Chimp (C) Chromosome comparison

6. Human (H) Chimp (C)Orangutan (O) Gorilla (G) Chromosomes of Primates

7. Amino Acid Sequence for Hemoglobin Molecule

8. What is a Mutation? A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence (ATCG) of a gene. Mutations in a gene's DNA sequence can alter the amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by the gene. How does this happen? Like words in a sentence, the DNA sequence of each gene determines the amino acid sequence for the protein it encodes. The DNA (ATCG) sequence is interpreted in groups of three nucleotide bases, called codons. Each codon specifies a single amino acid in a protein.

9. Mutate a sentence! We can think about the DNA sequence of a gene as a sentence made up entirely of three-letter words. In the sequence, each three-letter word is a codon, specifying a single amino acid in a protein. Have a look at this sentence: Thesunwashotbuttheoldmandidnotgethishat. If you were to split this sentence into individual three-letter words, you would probably read it like this: The sun was hot but the old man did not get his hat. This sentence represents a gene.

10. This sentence represents a gene. Each letter corresponds to a nucleotide base, and each word represents a codon. What if you shifted the three-letter "reading frame?" You would end up with T hes unw ash otb utt heo ldm and idn otg eth ish at. Or Th esu nwa sho tbu tth eol dma ndi dno tge thi sha t. As you can see, only one of these three "reading frames“ translates into an understandable sentence. In the same way, only one three-letter reading frame within a gene codes for the correct protein.

12. Evidence for Evolution Area: Genetics Examples: domesticated plants and animals; DNA sequence; mutations Pro:changes easily seen in domestic plants/animals; gene links for generation after generation documented. Con:limited access to past DNA Vocabulary:population — all organisms within a breeding group. selective breeding — artificial selection of only the most desirable traits to be bred.

13. Domesticated Plants and Animals cattlecats Selective (artificial) Breeding

14. Domesticated Plants and Animals corn apples Selective (artificial) Breeding

15. Domesticated Plants and Animals Selective (artificial) Breeding

16. Certificate of Pedigree

17. Domesticated Plants and Animals Selective (artificial) Breeding

18. Certificate of Pedigree

20. Human (H) Chimp (C)Orangutan (O) Gorilla (G) Chromosomes of Primates

22. DNA Base Sequence Comparisons