1. Northwest Power Planning Council Commercial HVAC - Envelope CRAC July 2, 2003

2. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 2 Today: New Stock Estimate New Stock Estimate Windows Windows Insulation Insulation Premium HVAC Equipment Premium HVAC Equipment Package Roof Top Optimization Package Roof Top Optimization Built-up System Optimization/Commissioning Built-up System Optimization/Commissioning Grocery Refrigeration Grocery Refrigeration HVAC Fans Pumps and Drives HVAC Fans Pumps and Drives Plug Loads, Fume Hoods, Power Supplies Plug Loads, Fume Hoods, Power Supplies

3. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 3 2.35 Billion Square Feet 2001

4. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 4 Latest Trend Data Discontinuity in the Electricity Data

5. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 5 Caveats: These estimates will change Floor Area estimates need to be adjusted Floor Area estimates need to be adjusted –Will impact forecast floor area mostly Some key assumptions will be adjusted as more data arrives from CBSA Some key assumptions will be adjusted as more data arrives from CBSA –End use and equipment saturations –Space heat fuel, EUIs, LPDs, hours Does not include New Building Potential Does not include New Building Potential

6. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 6 Windows

7. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 7 Windows – Punched Openings Looked at 3 window options in 4 applications on 17 building types in 2 vintages on 3 heat types. DOE2 Looked at 3 window options in 4 applications on 17 building types in 2 vintages on 3 heat types. DOE2 Base Window u52s72 Base Window u52s72 U45 Windowu45s69 U45 Windowu45s69 U40 Windowu40s51 U40 Windowu40s51 U35 Windowu36 s48 U35 Windowu36 s48

8. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 8 Code Baseline Oregon: <30% glass U54 SC57 Oregon: <30% glass U54 SC57 >30% glass U37-SC35* Washington:Elec: U40-SHCG40*, exceptions Washington:Elec: U40-SHCG40*, exceptions Other: U90, U75, U60, U50 >25% Seattle: Elec: U40-SHCG 40*, exceptions Seattle: Elec: U40-SHCG 40*, exceptions Other: U55, U45>30% g SHGC40 Common practice U50 SHGC45 Common practice U50 SHGC45 * No cost-effective measure found for these cases * No cost-effective measure found for these cases

9. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 9 Cost Estimates Component Costs Component Costs –Low-e to 0.1 emissivity $1.00/sf –Low-e to 0.04 emissivity$1.50/sf –Argon fill $0.75/sf –Thermally Improved Metal frame$3.00/sf –Replacement Vinyl$16/sf –Replacement Curtain Wall$30/sf

10. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 10 Cost Estimates Incremental Product Cost Incremental Product Cost –Code to u45 $1.00/sf –Code to u40$1.50/sf –Code to u35$4.50/sf Full Product Cost Full Product Cost –Vinyl to u40$17.75/sf –Vinyl to u35$18.25/sf 40 year measure life 40 year measure life

11. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 11 Other Key Assumptions Punched openings are half the stock Punched openings are half the stock Window/Wall with <30% by building type Window/Wall with <30% by building type –30% of Office, School, Lodging, Hosp. –80% of Retail, Restaurant, Warehouse, Other Natural replacement rate 1/50 per year Natural replacement rate 1/50 per year Space heat type by building type per survey Space heat type by building type per survey

12. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 12 Windows – Results Cooling savings are small Cooling savings are small Range from (-0.4 to +0.6 kWh/sf glass) Range from (-0.4 to +0.6 kWh/sf glass) –More negatives than positives on suite of prototypes and applications examined Heating savings 0.5 to 6.0 kWh/sf Heating savings 0.5 to 6.0 kWh/sf Gas savings credit does not make windows in gas buildings cost effective on electric TRC Gas savings credit does not make windows in gas buildings cost effective on electric TRC

13. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 13 Windows: Replacement Case Results weighted by applicability Results weighted by applicability Pay only incremental cost over code Pay only incremental cost over code –u52 base code window Code to u40 is cost-effective (36 mills/kWh) Code to u40 is cost-effective (36 mills/kWh) –Code to u35 not cost-effective (63 mills/kWh) –Code to u45 not cost-effective (85 mills/kWh) Depends on building type, location Depends on building type, location At a replacement rate of 1/50 each year At a replacement rate of 1/50 each year –Annually 0.07 MWa/year –1.3 MWa by 2025

14. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 14 Windows: New Building Case Code captured most savings Code captured most savings Where code is u52, upgrade is cost-effective Where code is u52, upgrade is cost-effective –Code to u40 at 31 mills/kWh –Code to u35 at 18 mills/kWh Assume 50/50 split u40 and u35 Assume 50/50 split u40 and u35 –3 MWa in 2025 at 30 mills/kWh –Annually 0.15 MWa/year

15. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 15 Windows – Retrofit Case Replacing single glaze windows considering full cost and full savings Replacing single glaze windows considering full cost and full savings Both cooling and heating savings are large Both cooling and heating savings are large –Typically 5 kWh/sf glass cooling –20+ kWh/sf glass heating Cost-effective in electric heat buildings at full incremental cost of $18/sf Cost-effective in electric heat buildings at full incremental cost of $18/sf Potential free-rider problem. Is it a conservation resource? Potential free-rider problem. Is it a conservation resource? Total potential is 21 MWa at 33 mills/kWh Total potential is 21 MWa at 33 mills/kWh

16. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 16 Insulation Add insulation at Re-Roofing Add insulation at Re-Roofing –Flat built-up roofs only –R0 to R22 at $1.90/sf –R11 to R22 at $1.00/sf Applies at 12-year re-roof cycle to: Applies at 12-year re-roof cycle to: –Pre 1987 stock remaining in 2005 –Estimates of existing insulation by building type from 1996 Puget study DOE 2 modeling on 21 prototypes DOE 2 modeling on 21 prototypes –Three space heat types

17. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 17 Re-Roof Results Electric Heat R0 to R22 case Electric Heat R0 to R22 case –Save 2 to 6 kWh/sf heating –Save 0.3 to 3 kWh/sf cooling Electric Heat R11 to R22 Electric Heat R11 to R22 –Save 0.6 to 3 kWh/sf heating –Save 0.2 to 2.5 kWh/sf cooling Heat Pumps –About half of electric Heat Pumps –About half of electric Gas – Cooling savings plus gas credit Gas – Cooling savings plus gas credit

18. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 18 Re-Roof with Insulation Mostly cost-effective for electric HP Mostly cost-effective for electric HP –62 of 68 cases cost effective –Total of 29 MWa in 2025 –1.9 MWa per year – lost opportunity Cost-effective for cooling-only savings Cost-effective for cooling-only savings –Only 2 of 68 cases

19. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 19 Premium HVAC Equipment

20. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 20 Premium HVAC Equipment Assumptions At equipment replacement @ 15 years At equipment replacement @ 15 years Based on simulation runs by PNNL done for national standards work Based on simulation runs by PNNL done for national standards work –33 prototypes in the PNW –Characteristics from CBECS –CEE Tier1 to Tier 2 deltas in EER/IPLV »EER 10.1 to 11.0 for 7.5 ton »EER 9.5 to 11.0 for smaller and larger –Cost on tear-down plus mark-up basis

21. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 21 Premium HVAC Equipment Savings Adjustments Savings derated by 10% for interaction Savings derated by 10% for interaction Savings derated by 10% for new buildings Savings derated by 10% for new buildings Savings account for working economizer Savings account for working economizer Considered cooling-only savings Considered cooling-only savings Weighted savings <5, 7.5 and 15 ton units Weighted savings <5, 7.5 and 15 ton units –60% capacity 7.5 ton, 40% smaller and larger Weighted savings east versus west Weighted savings east versus west –East side uses 1.8 times compressor energy

22. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 22 Premium HVAC Equipment Cost Assumptions Costs: Several source considered Costs: Several source considered –LBL, Eley, Xenergy, DEER, Ecotope Incremental Costs Incremental Costs –$50/ton for packaged equipment 5 to 15 tons –$20/ton for chillers 15 year measure life 15 year measure life

23. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 23 Premium HVAC Equipment Results Cooling loads run 1.4 to 10.0 kWh/sf Cooling loads run 1.4 to 10.0 kWh/sf –Building type, location, characteristics Upgrade buys about 10% reduction energy Upgrade buys about 10% reduction energy Average savings Average savings –0.3 kWh/sf west side –0.5 kWh/sf east side

24. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 24 Premium HVAC Equipment Results Cost-effective, but not cheap Cost-effective, but not cheap –Marginal for Schools, Warehouse, Grocery Replacement Market Savings Replacement Market Savings –3.6 MWa/Year at 50 mills/kWh –50 MWa in 2025 New Equipment Market New Equipment Market –0.6 MWa/Year at 47 mills/kWh –12.5 MWa in 2025

25. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 25 Premium HVAC Equipment Next Steps Initiatives to redefine premium efficiency Initiatives to redefine premium efficiency –It’s not your father’s EER –Huge potential in premium economizer –Some potential in direct/indirect evaporative –Controls/staging/sizing are critical components Needs considerable attention at national level and with manufacturers Needs considerable attention at national level and with manufacturers

26. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 26

27. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 27 Packaged Roof-Top Optimization Commissioning

28. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 28 Packaged Roof-Top Optimization Commissioning Packaged Roof Top Units Packaged Roof Top Units –Near 80% of new building HVAC capacity –Near 60% in older buildings and increasing Most are gas fueled Most are gas fueled Out-of-sight out of mind Out-of-sight out of mind Recent studies in PNW and CA find Recent studies in PNW and CA find –80% are sub-optimal –Lots of economizer error

29. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 29 Packaged Roof-Top Optimization Commissioning Several pilots and programs underway Several pilots and programs underway –EWEB, Puget, NEEA, CA Estimates taken from current work Estimates taken from current work –Used Ecotope analysis on both costs and savings –Developed weighted average package of costs and savings

30. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 30 Packaged Roof-Top Optimization Assumptions Measure bundle conservative Measure bundle conservative –Economizer controller to differential control or to change over at 65F –Min/Max OA adjustment –Two-stage stat adjustment –OA control on heating warm up –Demand Control Ventilation (DCV) on some –Air flow check, coil cleaning, charge correction

31. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 31 Packaged Roof-Top Optimization Assumptions Two climate zones - Seattle and Boise Two climate zones - Seattle and Boise Considered mix of OA settings Considered mix of OA settings Two building types with 3 internal gain levels Two building types with 3 internal gain levels Typical existing EERs Typical existing EERs $350 per 7-ton unit $350 per 7-ton unit $600 per 7-ton unit with DCV $600 per 7-ton unit with DCV

32. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 32 Packaged Roof-Top Optimization Typical Savings from Optimization Package Seattle Cooling Savings (kWh/sf) Boise Cooling Savings (kWh/sf) DCV Savings Cooling + Heating (kWh/sf) Office.480.42 0.5 + 3.8 Retail High Internal Gain 1.191.2 1.3 + 2.5 Retail Low Internal Gain.87.66 0.9 + 3.4

33. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 33 Packaged Roof-Top Optimization Cost Assumptions $350 per 7-ton unit $350 per 7-ton unit $600 per 7-ton unit with DCV $600 per 7-ton unit with DCV Five-year measure life Five-year measure life

34. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 34 Packaged Roof-Top Optimization Assumptions Modeled savings adjusted for “As Found” by assuming 80% with problems Modeled savings adjusted for “As Found” by assuming 80% with problems Credit cooling savings at cooling load shape Credit cooling savings at cooling load shape –Summer savings highly valuable Fraction of roof top units and space heat fuel at recent historical mix Fraction of roof top units and space heat fuel at recent historical mix –Assumes old systems convert to roof top units Applied DCV to fraction of occupancies where it is applicable (need min OA 35%) Applied DCV to fraction of occupancies where it is applicable (need min OA 35%) Used incremental DCV cost and savings Used incremental DCV cost and savings

35. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 35 Packaged Roof-Top Optimization Results Both Measures almost always cost-effective Both Measures almost always cost-effective 152 MWa in 2025 at 33 mills/kWh 152 MWa in 2025 at 33 mills/kWh

36. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 36 Built-Up Systems HVAC Controls and Commissioning

37. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 37 Built-Up Systems HVAC Controls and Commissioning Measure applies to larger buildings and to older buildings Measure applies to larger buildings and to older buildings Reviewed Commissioning Literature Reviewed Commissioning Literature Precious few data points Precious few data points Wide range of costs and savings Wide range of costs and savings Looked at individual measure metrics Looked at individual measure metrics

38. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 38 Built-Up Systems HVAC Controls and Commissioning Schedule and Overrides Air and Water Flow Adjustments and Balancing OA Control Economizer Control Damper Control Chiller Control Cooling Tower Approach Temperature Pressure Reset Temperature Reset Simultaneous Heating Cooling EMS Adjustment Sensor Error and Calibration Sensor Placement VSD Control Air VSD Control Water Control Valves Warm-Up Sequence Night Purge Sequence

39. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 39 Built-Up Systems HVAC Controls and Commissioning Source: NEEA Study

40. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 40 Built-Up Systems HVAC Controls and Commissioning Source: NEEA Study

41. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 41 Built-Up Systems HVAC Controls and Commissioning Savings estimates Savings estimates –Range (–5%) to +45% NEEA Study (existing bldgs) well documented NEEA Study (existing bldgs) well documented –Range 1% to 38% electric on n=8 Other studies similar range Other studies similar range –SMUD –Texas –PECI summary

42. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 42 Built-Up Systems HVAC Controls and Commissioning Source: NEEA Study

43. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 43 Built-Up Systems HVAC Controls and Commissioning Input Assumptions Source: NEEA Study 15% savings off baseline HVAC EUI 15% savings off baseline HVAC EUI 6 year measure life 6 year measure life By building type and space heat fuel By building type and space heat fuel Cost $0.35/sf to $1.50/sf depending on size Cost $0.35/sf to $1.50/sf depending on size Gas savings get O&M credit Gas savings get O&M credit Assume 70% applicability Assume 70% applicability Only on built-up systems Only on built-up systems

44. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 44 Built-Up Systems HVAC Controls and Commissioning Results Source: NEEA Study 57 MWa at 19 mills/kWh 2025 57 MWa at 19 mills/kWh 2025

45. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 45 Grocery Refrigeration Bundle

46. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 46 Grocery Refrigeration Bundle Night Covers for Display Cases - Vertical Night Covers for Display Cases - Vertical Night Covers for Display Cases - Horizontal Night Covers for Display Cases - Horizontal Strip Curtains for Walk-in Boxes Strip Curtains for Walk-in Boxes Glass Doors on Open Display Cases (LT) Glass Doors on Open Display Cases (LT) Glass Doors on Open Display Cases (MT) Glass Doors on Open Display Cases (MT) New Refrigeration Display Case with Doors (LT) New Refrigeration Display Case with Doors (LT) New Refrigeration Display Case with Doors (MT) New Refrigeration Display Case with Doors (MT) Special Doors with Low/No Anti-Sweat Heat Special Doors with Low/No Anti-Sweat Heat Anti-Sweat Heat Controls Anti-Sweat Heat Controls Auto-Closers for Coolers and Freezers Auto-Closers for Coolers and Freezers Evaporative fan controller on walk-in Evaporative fan controller on walk-in Air-cooled to Evaporative Cooled Condenser Air-cooled to Evaporative Cooled Condenser Energy Efficient Condenser Energy Efficient Condenser Floating Head Pressure Controller Floating Head Pressure Controller Efficient Evaporator Fan Motor - ECM Efficient Evaporator Fan Motor - ECM Efficient Evaporator Fan Motor - PSC Efficient Evaporator Fan Motor - PSC Energy Efficient Compressors Energy Efficient Compressors

47. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 47 Grocery Refrigeration Bundle Costs, Savings and Measure Life from: Costs, Savings and Measure Life from: –CA Express Efficiency Work Papers –Xenergy Remaining measure targets Remaining measure targets –50% on Floating Head, Multiplex, System Opt –10-40% on glass door cases –50% on tripple low-e doors –80% Anti-Sweat Heater Control –95% PSC and ECM motors

48. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 48 Grocery Refrigeration Bundle All measures cost effective except All measures cost effective except –ECM and PSC motors on the margin Potential of 40 MWa at 20 mills/kWh 2025 Potential of 40 MWa at 20 mills/kWh 2025

49. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 49 VSDs Looked at air and water systems Looked at air and water systems VSDs on fans are cost-effective VSDs on fans are cost-effective –Have become standard practice –Included in many package units –Small remaining savings in built-up systems –2.5 MWa VSDs on chilled water loops VSDs on chilled water loops –Cost-effective in very large systems –Small remaining potential –1.5 MWa

50. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 50 Plug Load Controller Power strip for offices and cubes with integral occupancy sensor Power strip for offices and cubes with integral occupancy sensor Control cubicle task lights Control cubicle task lights Cost-effective at $15 incremental cost assuming at least 30 watts connected Cost-effective at $15 incremental cost assuming at least 30 watts connected At 50 watts controllable savings potential is At 50 watts controllable savings potential is –16 MWa at 32 mills/kWh

51. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 51 Premium Fume Hood Typical Hood Typical Hood –Like trying to suck a candle out from ten paces –Labs starved for air –Large HVAC interaction a savings multiplier New design boosts flow at edges with ECMs New design boosts flow at edges with ECMs –Blow the candle out with laminar flow –Savings 25% at hood 75% make-up conditioning –Save 8500 kWh/hood, cost $5000-$6000 incremental PNW share down estimate PNW share down estimate –19 MWa on 20,000 hoods, verge of cost-effectiveness

52. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 52 Power Supply AC to DC Conversion in Appliances, Computers, Widgits Previous estimate 14 MWa for PNW Previous estimate 14 MWa for PNW Reviewed estimate with Ecos Consulting Reviewed estimate with Ecos Consulting Revised estimate: 142 MWa for PNW Revised estimate: 142 MWa for PNW Example: Efficient Power Supply for a PC Example: Efficient Power Supply for a PC –Save 147 kWh/year – 20MWa all PNW PCs –8 mills/kWh new –50 mills/kWh retrofit

53. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 53

54. Northwest Power Planning Councilslide 54