1. Knowledge access and sharing An overview of access models Fiona Godlee Head of BMJ Knowledge www.clinicalevidence.com

2. Access to scientific information How much information (raw data?) When (before or after peer review?) To whom (free/paid for?)

3. Controlling access - I Industry (and researchers) Sharing raw data

4. Data sharing: pros Efficient use of resources - reuse of datasets to replicate findings or address new questions Can help to formulate research questions/refine measurement instruments/calculate sample sizes Facilitates meta-analysis Allows others to check whether conclusions were justified Makes fraud more difficult Davey-Smith G. Increasing accessibility of data. BMJ 1994: 308; 1519-20

5. Data sharing: cons Practicalities Misuse of data Commercial considerations

6. Data sharing: making it possible Funders - make grants conditional Clearing houses Searchable registers of ongoing and completed projects Freedom of information act Journals - make it a requirement (and make it feasible) Make it a routine part of informed consent for participants –Delamothe T. Whose data are they anyway? BMJ 1996; 312:1241-42

7. Controlling access - II Journal editors Before or after peer review

8. Controlling access - III Publishers Free or paid for

9. Access to peer reviewed research An emerging spectrum: The subscription model Variants on the subscription model Models aimed at ameliorating the impact of the subscription model Open access

10. Why open access? Reduces costs of dissemination (more money for science and health care) Amenable to market forces Encourages author power Globally inclusive Facilitates scientific exchange/discovery Removes reasons for not building on the entirety of the scientific record Restores a public good

11. Journal ChoiceMonopoly Journal Article Libraries

12. Spiralling prices Between 1986 and 1999 –207% price increase –Brain Research –1991: £3,713 –2001: £9,148 –Average number of journal subscriptions across US research libraries dropped by 6% –(Association of Research Libarians)

13. Spiralling prices 1999 - 2002 –Global medical publishing sector grew by estimated 20% –revenues $2.69 billion

14. Spiralling prices ‘I think scientists all over would be shocked to realise what a phenomenally lucrative business scientific publishing can be.’ Nicholas Cozzarelli- editor in chief of the PNAS

15. Why not open access? Unproven Unsustainable Author power means readers will not be served Publishers add value Quality will suffer There will be fewer good journals Need additional filters Societies will no longer be able to support their other valuable activities

16. The subscription model

17. Variants on the subscription model Authors can pay for their article to be open access Original research open, “value added” content closed Selected articles free Archive open/free after a period of time

18. Models that attempt to ameliorate the impact of the subscription model