1. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM`

2. DIGESTIVE PROCESSES INGESTION MOVING FOOD ALONG GI TRACT MECHANICAL PREPARATION FOR DIGESTION CHEMICAL DIGESTION ABSORPTION ELIMINATION

3. EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT ECTODERM FOREGUT HINDGUT MIDGUT STOMODEUM PROCTODEUM

4. DERIVATIVES OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM GI TRACT THYROID PARATHYROID SALIVARY GLANDS LIVER GALLBLADDER PANCREAS

5. DIGESTIVE ANATOMY MUCOUS MEMBRANE

6. MUCOUS MEMBRANES

7. ORGANS ORAL CAVITY PHARYNX ESOPHAGUS STOMACH SMALL INTESTINE LARGE INTESTINE

8. MOUTH HARD PALATE SOFT PALATE UVULA GLOSSOPALATINE ARCHES PARYNGOPALATINE ARCHES FAUCES

9. ORAL VESTIBULE

11. LIPS

12. HARD AND SOFT PALATE

13. OROPHARYNX

14. TONGUE FLOOR OF MOUTH EXTRINSIC MUSCLES INTRINSIC MUSCLE PAPILLAE

15. FILIFORM FUNGIFORM VALLATE TASTE BUDS FOUND ON FUNGIFORM AND VALLATE

16. FILIFORM PAPILLAE

17. FUNGIFORM PAPILLAE

18. VALLATE PAPILLAE

19. LINGUAL TONSILS FORMS POSTERIOR DORSAL SURFACE LYMPH NODULES

20. LINGUAL FRENULUM CONNECTS TONGUE VENTRALLY

21. TEETH GOMPHOSES IN ALVEOLI GINGIVIVAE STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM PERIDONTAL LIGAMENT

22. ANATOMY OF THE TOOTH DENTIN COVERED BY ENAMEL ANCHORED TO PERIDONAL LIGAMENT BY CEMENTUM

23. PARTS OF TOOTH CROWN NECK ROOT PULP CAVITY ROOT CANAL APICAL FORAMEN

24. TYPES OF TEETH INCISORS CUSPIDS BICUSPIDS MOLARS

25. DECIDIOUS TEETH 20 TEETH COME AT REGULAR INTERVALS START AT SIX MONTHS USUALLY ALL IN BY 2 1/2 YEARS

26. PERMANENT TEETH 32 TEETH APPEAR AT ABOUT 6 YEARS STOPS AT ABOUT 17 YEARS SOMETIME BETWEEN 17 AND 25 WISDOM TEETH MAY COME IN

27. SALIVARY GLANDS BUCCAL GLANDS PAROTID GLANDS SUBMANDIBULAR GLANDS SUBLINGUAL GLANDS

28. PAROTID GLAND

29. SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND

30. SUBLINGUAL SALIVARY GLANDS

31. PHARYNX NASOPHARYNX OROPHARYNX LARYNGOPHARYNX

32. MESENTERIES

33. LAYERS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL WALL FOUR LAYERS TUNICA MUSOSA TUNICA SUBMUCOSA TUNICA MUSCULARIS TUNICA SEROSA OR ADVENTITIA

34. TUNICA MUCOSA EPITHELIAL LAYER LAMINA PROPIRA MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE

35. EPITHELIAL LAYER STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS IN MOUTH ESOPHAGUS AND ANUS REST IS SIMPLE COLUMNAR

36. LAMINA PROPIRA LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE CONTAINS BLOOD VESSELS, LYMPH NODULES AND SMALL GLANDS PHARYNX -- TONSILS SMALL INTESTINE -- PEYERS PATCHES APPENDIX -- LYMPH NODULES

37. MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE

38. TUNICA SUBMUCOSA THICK LAYER OF EITHER DENSE OR LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE CONTAINS BLOOD VESSELS, LYMPHATIC VESSELS, NERVES, AND SOMETIMES GLANDS

39. TUNICA MUSCULARIS DOUBLE LAYER OF MUSCLE IN MOST AREAS INNER LAYER ARRANGED CIRCULARLY OUTER LAYER ARRANGED LONGITUDINALLY THICKENED AREAS OF INNER LAYER FORMS SPHINCTERS

40. MUSCLES FOUND IN MUSCULARIS SKELETAL --- UPPER PART OF ESOPHAGUS AND EXTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTER SMOOTH -- REST OF TRACT

41. TUNICA SEROSA OR ADVENTITIA OUTER MOST TUNIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE ESOPHAGUS -- ADVENTITIA ABDOMINAL CAVITY COMPONENTS- -- SEROSA

42. NERVE PLEXUSES AND REFLEX PATHWAYS SUBMUCOSAL PLEXUS --TUNICA SUBMUCOSA MYENTERIC PLEXUS --BETWEEN CIRCULAR AND LONGITUDINAL LAYERS OF TUNICA MUSCLUARIS SUBSEROUS PLEXUS -- TUNICA SEROSA COORDINATE MUCH OF ACTIVITY OF GI TRACT

43. GANGLIA FOUND IN GI TRACT AUERBACH’S/MYENTERIC PLEXUS –AUTONOMIC GANGLIA ARE FOUND IN THE TUNICA MUSCULARIS MEISSNER’S/SUBMUCOSAL PLEXUS –AUTONOMIC GANGLIA FOUND IN TUNICA SUBMUCOSA

44. REFLEX PATHWAYS SHORT REFLEXES LONG REFLEXES

45. SHORT REFLEXES SIGNALS ORIGINATE FROM RECEPTORS IN WALL OF GI TRACT TRANSMITTED BY INTRINSIC NERVE PLEXUS TO EFFECTOR CELLS ALL ELEMENTS ARE FOUND IN WALL OF GI TRACT

46. LONG REFLEXES SIGNALS ORIGINATE IN RECEPTORS IN GI TRACT TRANSMITTED BY AFFERENT NEURONS TO CNS AUTONOMIC NEURONS (VAGUS) CARRY CNS INPUT TO INTRINSIC NERVE PLEXUSES AND EFFECTOR CELLS

47. ESOPHAGUS LONG MUSCULAR TUBE POSTERIOR TO TRACHEA PASSES THROUGH MEDIASTINUM PASSES THROUGH ESOPHAGEAL HIATUS PERISTALSIS MOVES FOOD THROUGH

48. STOMACH LEFT OF MID PLANE BLOW DIAPHRAGM CARIDAC ORIFICE PYLORIC SPHINCTER

49. ANATOMY OF STOMACH LESSER CURVATURE GREATER CURVATURE LESSER OMENTUM GREATER OMENTUM FUNDUS BODY PYLORIC REGION PYLORIC ANTRUM AND CANAL RUGAE

50. STOMACH RUGAE

51. PYLORIC SPHINCTER

52. MODIFICATIONS OF STOMACH MUCOSA GASTRIC GLANDS IN LAMINA PROPIRA GASTRIC PITS

54. TRANSITION FROM STOMACH TO DUODENUM

55. TYPES OF GLANDS FUNDIC GLANDS GASTRIC GLANDS PROPER CARDIAC GLANDS PYLORIC GLANDS ENTEROENDOCRINE CELLS

56. FUNDIC AND GASTRIC GLANDS PROPER MUCOUS NECK CELLS PARIETAL (OXYNTIC ) CELLS ZYMOGENIC (CHIEF) CELLS

57. PARIETAL AND CHIEF CELLS

58. MUCOUS NECK CELLS SECRETE MUCOUS LOCATED NEAR GASTRIC PITS

59. PARIETAL CELLS OXYNTIC CELLS SECRETES HCL

60. ZYMOGENIC CELLS CHIEF CELLS SECRETES PEPSINOGEN

61. CHIEF CELLS

62. CARDIAC AND PYLORIC GLANDS SECRETE MAINLY MUCOUS

63. ENTEROENDOCRINE CELLS GASTRIN SEROTONIN HISTAMINE

64. MODIFICATIONS OF TUNICA MUSCULARIS OBLIQUE MUSCLE LAYER ALLOWS STRONG CONTRACTIONS TO MIX FOOD WITH DIGESTIVE ENZYMES

65. SMALL INTESTINES LONGEST PORTION OF GI TRACT 6 METERS LONG MOST CONVOLUTED LINED WITH SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM SPECIALIZED TO ABSORB NUTRIENTS WHERE MOST ABSORPTION OCCURS

66. REGIONS OF SMALL INTESTINE DUODENUM JEJUNUM ILEUM

67. DUODENUM HEPATOPANCREATIC AMPULLA (AMPULLA OF VATER) DUODENAL PAPILLA HEPATOPANCREATIC SPHINCTER (SPHINCTER OF ODDI) DUODENUM IS RETROPERITONEAL 25 CM

68. SUBMUCOSA OF DUODENUM

69. TUNICA MUSCULARIS OF THE DUODENUM

70. DUODENOJEJUNAL JUNCTION

71. JEJUNUM 2.5 METERS SUSPENDED BY MESENTERY

72. ILEUM 3.5 METERS ILEOCECAL VALVE ILEOCECAL SPHINCTER SUSPENDED BY MESENTERY

73. ILEUM

74. MODIFICATIONS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE WALL OCCUR IN TUNICA MUCOSA AND TUNICA SUBMUCOSA PLICAE CIRCULARES VILLI

75. PLICAE CIRCULARES CIRCULAR SHELF LIKE FOLDS INCREASE SURFACE AREA HELP MIX FOOD WITH ENZYMES

76. VILLI MUCOSAL PROJECTIONS INTO LUMEN COVERED BY SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM CONTAINS A LYMPHATIC CAPILLARY CALLED A LACTEAL

77. DISTENDED LACTEALS

78. EPITHELIAL CELLS THAT COVER THE VILLI GOBLET CELLS --- MUCUS ABSORPTIVE CELLS --- ABSORPTION AND DIGESTION ENTEROENDOCRINE CELLS -- IN DUODENUM--CCK, SECRETIN AND OTHERS

79. ENTEROENDOCRINE CELLS

80. INTESTINAL GLANDS CRYPTS OF LIEBERKUHN BETWEEN BASES OF VILLI

81. PANETH CELLS NOT ENTEROENDOCRINE SECRETE ANTIBACTERIAL PRODUCTS

82. PEYER’S PATCHES IN SUBMUCOSA AGGREGATION OF LYMPHATIC NODULES

83. LARGE INTESTINE 1.5 M LONG EXTENDS FROM ILEOCECAL VALVE TO ANUS NAMED FOR DIAMETER SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM MICROVILLI ABSORPTIVE AND GOBLET CELLS FEW ENZYMES PRODUCED

84. ANATOMY OF THE LARGE INTESTINE CECUM VERIFORM APPENDIX ASCENDING COLON RIGHT COLIC (HEPATIC) FLEXURE TRANSVERSE COLON LEFT COLIC (SPLENIC FLEXURE) DESCENDING COLON SIGMOID COLON RECTUM ANUS

85. CECUM BLIND POUCH RECEIVES THE CONTENTS OF THE ILEUM

86. TYPICAL HISTOLOGY OF THE COLON

87. VERIFORM APPENDIX NARROW BLIND TUBE EXTENDS DOWNWARD FROM CECUM NUMEROUS LYMPHATIC NODULES

88. ASCENDING COLON EXTENDS UPWARD TIGHTLY ATTACHED TO POSTERIOR WALL OF ABDOMEN RETROPERITONEAL

89. RIGHT COLIC FLEXURE HEPATIC FLEXURE JUST BELOW LIVER BENDS TO THE LEFT

90. TRANSVERSE COLON PASSES ACROSS ABDOMINAL CAVITY SUPENDED BY MESOCOLON

91. LEFT COLIC FLEXURE SPLENIC FLEXURE BENDS DOWNWARD

92. DESCENDING COLON RETROPERITONEAL DESCENDS TO LEFT PELVIC BRIM

93. SIGMOID COLON CURVES TO MIDPLANE TO FORM AN S SHAPED SIGMOID COLON

94. TUNICS OF THE COLON

95. TUNICA MUCOSA INTESTINAL GLANDS MUCOUS CELLS NO VILLI PLICAE SEMILUNARE (SEMILUNAR FOLDS)

97. TUNICA MUSCULARIS TAENIAE COLI 3 BANDS OF SMOOTH MUSCLE RUNS LENGTH OF COLON FORMS POUCHES CALLED HAUSTRA

100. EPIPLOIC APPENDAGES FAT FILLED FOLDS OF PERITONEUM

101. HAUSTRA

102. RECTUM IN FRONT OF SACRUM SAME STRUCTURE AS COLON EXCEPT NO TAENIAE COLI FEMALE

103. MALE RECTUM

104. ANAL-RECTAL JUNCTION

105. MUCOUS CUTANEOUS JUNCTIONS

106. ANAL CANAL LAST 3-4 CM OF COLON BELOW PELVIC DIAPHRAGM NOT IN ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY MALE ANAL CANAL

107. ANATOMY OF ANAL CANAL ANAL COLUMNS ANAL SINUSES ANAL VALVES INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTERS

108. INTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTER SMOOTH MUSCLE

109. EXTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTER SKELETAL MUSCLE FEMALE

110. ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE ORGANS LOCATED OUTSIDE THE GI TRACT IMPORTANT FOR DIGESTION OF FOOD CARRIED BY DUCTS DERIVED FROM ENDODERM ALSO

111. PANCREAS EXOCRINE AND ENDOCRINE GLAND RETROPERITONEAL HEAD BODY TAIL

112. HEAD OF PANCREAS

113. BODY OF PANCREAS

114. TAIL OF PANCREAS

115. MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY RESEMBLE SALIVARY GLANDS ACINI SINGLE SET OF PYRAMIDAL CELLS ACTIVELY SECRETE ZYMOGEN GRANULES INACTIVE DIGESTIVE ENZYMES

116. PANCREATIC SECRETIONS HORMONES PANCREATIC JUICE

117. PANCREATIC SECRETIONS EXOCRINE

118. TRANSPORT TO GI TRACT PANCREATIC DUCT (DUCT OF WIRSUNG) COMMON BILE DUCT ACCESSORY PANCREATIC DUCT (DUCT OF SANTORINI)

119. ENDOCRINE SECRETIONS ISLETS OF LANGERHAN EXOCYTOSIS DIFFUSION INTO BLOOD STREAM

120. HEAD OF PANCREAS

121. PANCREAS

122. AUTONOMIC GANGLION IN PANCREAS

123. ISLETS OF LANGERHANS

124. PANCREATIC ACINI

126. LIVER LARGE ORGAN MANY IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS

127. CAUDATE LOBE

128. QUADRATE LOBE

129. LEFT LOBE

130. RIGHT LOBE

131. FALCIFORM LIGAMENT

132. LIGAMENTUM TERES

133. CORONARY LIGAMENT

134. LIGAMENTUM VENOSUM

135. BARE AREA

136. LESSER OMENTUM ATTACHES IT TO STOMACH

137. BLOOD SUPPLY TWO BLOOD SUPPLIES 1500 ML OF BLOOD PER MINUTE HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION

138. SYSTEMATIC BLOOD SUPPLY 400 ML IN HEPATIC ARTERY BRANCHES OFF AORTA OXYGENATED BLOOD

139. HEPATIC ARTERY

140. HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN VENOUS BLOOD DEOXYGENATED NUTRIENT RICH BLOOD FROM DIGESTIVE TRACT, PANCREAS AND SPLEEN 1100 ML PER MINUTE

141. HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN

142. UNIQUENESS OF HEPATIC CIRCULATION BOTH SYSTEMIC ARTERIE AND HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN EMPTY INTO SAME SINUSOIDS MEANS THERE IS A MIXTURE OF ARTERIAL AND VENOUS BLOOD EMPTY INTO HEPATIC VEIN AND INTO INFERIOR VENA CAVA

143. STRUCTURE OF THE LIVER

144. LIVER CORDS OR PLATES MADE UP OF ROWS OR SHEETS OF HEPATOCYTES

145. LIVER LOBULES TINY HEXAGONAL COMPARTMENTS

146. LIVER LOBULES

147. PORTAL CANALS PORTA HEPATIS

148. HEPATIC TRIAD

149. CLASSIC LOBULE

150. CENTRAL VEIN

151. LIVER STROMA

152. HEPATOCYTE

153. LIVER SINUSOIDS LINED WITH ENDOTHELIUM HIGHLY PERMEABLE

155. PERISINUSOIDAL SPACE SPACE OF DISSE SEPARATES THE ENDOTHIAL LINING FROM HEPATOCYTES MICROVILLI EXTEN INTO SPACE

156. STELLATE MACROPHAGES KUPPFER CELLS EXTENSIONS EXTEND INTO SINUSOIDS ACTIVE PHAGOCYTES THAT REMOVE BACTERIA AND FOREIGN CELLS

157. CELLS LINING SINUSOIDS

158. BILE CANALICULI LOCATED BETWEEN HEPATOCYTES CARRY BILE TO BILE DUCTS LOCATED AT PERIPHERY OF LOBULES TRAVELS IN OPPOSITE DIRECTION OF BLOOD BILE DUCTS JOIN TOGETHER TO FORM HEPATIC DUCT

159. GLYCOGEN IN THE LIVER

160. GALL BLADDER SMALL SAC ON INFERIOR SURFACE OF LIVER COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM STORAGE SITE FOR BILE SERVICED BY CYSTIC DUCT

161. HEPATOPANCREATIC SPHINCTER CONTROLS FATE OF BILE

162. COMMON BILE DUCT HEPATIC DUCT AND CYSTIC DUCT

163. GREATER DUODENAL PAPILLAE

164. LESSER DUODENAL PAPILLAE

165. COMMON BILE DUCT