1. Data Resource Management
Chapter # 5

2. Learning Objectives (continued)
Illustrate each of the following concepts:
Logical data elements
Major types of databases
Data warehouses and data mining
Fundamental database structures
Database access methods
Database development
Explain how database management software helps business professionals and supports the operations and management of a business.

3. Learning Objectives
Explain the importance of implementing data resource management processes and technologies in an organization.
Understand the advantages of a database management approach to managing the data resources of a business.

4. Technical Foundations of Database Management
Section I
Technical Foundations of Database Management

5. Foundation Data Concepts (continued)
Levels of data
Character
Single alphabetical, numeric, or other symbol or (byte) example a, C, 8, *
Field
Groupings of characters
Represents an attribute of some entity
Example Lahore , Asim, 1200, 12/42008

6. Foundation Data Concepts (continued)
Records
Related fields of data
Collection of attributes that describe an entity
Fixed-length or variable-length
Example: name course grade

7. Foundation Data Concepts (continued)
Files
A single table may be referred to a flat file
A group of related records
Classified by
Primary use
Type of data
permanence

9. Foundation Data Concepts (continued)
Database
Integrated collection of logically related data elements
Combine records into a common pool of data elements
Data is independent of the application program using them and type of storage device

10. Foundation Data Concepts
Logical Data Elements

11. Database Structures
A database is an integrated collection of logically related data elements. Five fundamental database structure:-
Hierarchical
Treelike
One-to-many relationship
Used for structured, routine types of transaction processing

12. Database Structures (continued)
Network
More complex
Many-to-many relationship
More flexible but doesn’t support ad hoc requests well

13. Database Structures (continued)
Relational
Data elements stored in simple tables
Can link data elements from various tables
Very supportive of ad hoc requests but slower at processing large amounts of data than hierarchical or network models
Relational operations
Select : to create a subset on given criteria
Join : two or more table
Project: join columns to construct specific report, or answer question
Tools: oracle , DB2, SQL, Access

14. Database Structures (continued)
Multi-Dimensional
A variation of the relational model
Cubes of data and cubes within cubes
Easy to understand
Popular for online analytical processing (OLAP) applications

15. Database Structures (Multi-Dimensional)

16. Database Structures (continued)
Object-oriented
Key technology of multimedia web-based applications
Entity, attributes, and related operations are combined in single object
Good for complex, high-volume applications like graphics, audio, video
Web based applications and CAD

17. Database Structures (continued)

18. Evaluation of Database Structure
Hierarchal: Basic and for routine types of transaction processing
Network: more flexible, can handle data for more than one department
Relational: easier to work easier to maintain, end user easily retrieve information
Object oriented and Multidimensional models are growing steadily

19. Database Development
Database administrators use the DDL (Data Definition Language) like Oracle 10g or IBM DB2
Data dictionary
Directory containing metadata (data about data)
Structure
Data elements
Interrelationships
Information regarding access and use
Maintenance & security issues

20. Data Planning & Database Design
Database Development
Data Planning & Database Design
Planning & Design Process
Top down planning process (figure 5-10)
Enterprise model
Entity relationship diagrams (ERDs)
Data modeling
Develop logical framework for the physical design

21. Data Planning Corporate planning and analysis function
Developing the overall data architecture

22. Managing Data Resources
Section II
Managing Data Resources

23. Data Resource Management
A managerial activity
Applies information systems technology to managing data resources to meet needs of business stakeholders.
Data from internal operations and from external environment
Each mouse click generate fresh piece of data, analyze each click for competitive advantage

24. Types of Databases Operational database
Supports business processes and operations
Also called subject-area databases, transaction databases, HR database, and production databases

25. Types of Databases (continued)
Distributed
Replicated and distributed copies or parts of databases on network servers at a variety of sites.
Done to improve database performance and security
Storage requirements
Primary challenge is data accuracy,
Replication and duplication

26. Types of Databases (continued)
External
Available for a fee from commercial sources or with or without charge on the Internet or World Wide Web, google
Hypermedia
Hyperlinked pages of multimedia
XML,HTML

27. Data Warehouses and Data Mining
Stores data extracted from operational, external, or other databases of an organization
Central source of “structured” data
May be subdivided into data marts
Metadata :data about data

28. Data Warehouses and Data Mining (continued)
A major use of data warehouse and databases
Data is analyzed to reveal hidden correlations, patterns, and trends
Perform market basket analysis
Find root cause of problems
Cross sell

29. Traditional File Processing
Different application programs creates information
Organized in different file and in different ways
Too difficult, inflexible and too costly
No common application to retrieve
Data redundancy :
wasted and inefficient storage of data
Lack of Data integrity :
conflicted contents of files
Updating:
adding and modifying records

30. Traditional file Processing

31. Database Management Approach
Consolidates data records and objects into databases that can be accessed by many different application programs
DBMS provides common interface between user and database

32. Database Management Approach (continued)
Database Management System
Software interface between users and databases that controls the development, use and maintenance of database
Functions
Creation,
Maintenance the data quality,
and use of the database

33. Database Management Approach (continued)

34. Database Interrogation
Query
Supports ad hoc requests
Tells the software how you want to organize the data
SQL queries
Graphical (GUI) & natural queries
Boolean Logic
Consist of three logical operators
AND, OR , NOT

35. Database Management Approach (continued)
Report Generator
Turns results of query into a useable report
Database Maintenance
Updating and correcting data

36. Database Management Approach (continued)
Application Development
Data manipulation language
Data entry screens, forms, reports, or web pages

37. Implementing Data Resource Management
Database Administration
Develop and maintain the data dictionary
Design and monitor performance of databases
Enforce database use and security standards

38. Implementing Data Resource Management (continued)
Data Administration
Standardize collection, storage, and dissemination of data to end users
Focused on supporting business processes and strategic business objectives
May include developing policy and setting standards

39. Implementing Data Resource Management (continued)
Challenges
Technologically complex
Vast amounts of data
Vulnerability to fraud, errors, and failures

40. Accessing Databases (continued)
Sequential access
Data is stored and accessed in a sequence according to a key field
Good for periodic processing of a large volume of data, but updating with new transactions can be troublesome

41. Accessing Databases (continued)
Direct access
Methods
Key transformation
Index
Indexed sequential access

42. Discussion Questions
How should an e-business enterprise store, access, and distribute data & information about their internal operations & external environment?
What roles do database management, data administration, and data planning play in managing data as a business resource?

43. Discussion Questions (continued)
What are the advantages of a database management approach to organizing, accessing, and managing an organization’s data resources?
What is the role of a database management system in an e-business information system?

44. Discussion Questions (continued)
Databases of information about a firm’s internal operations were formerly the only databases that were considered to be important to a business. What other kinds of databases are important for a business today?
What are the benefits and limitations of the relational database model for business applications?

45. Discussion Questions (continued)
Why is the object-oriented database model gaining acceptance for developing applications and managing the hypermedia databases at business websites?
How have the Internet, intranets, extranets, and the World Wide Web affected the types and uses of data resources available to business end users?

46. References
James A. O'Brien; George M. Marakas. Management Information Systems: 8th Ed., Boston: McGraw-Hill/ Irwin

47. Key fields (primary key)
Accessing Databases
Key fields (primary key)
A field unique to each record so it can be distinguished from all other records in a table