1. Chapter 6: Perception

2. Perception
The organization and interpretation of our sensations. It is how we create meaning for what we see, touch, hear, feel and smell.

3. Perception
Selective Attention: the idea that we are only aware of a small percentage of what we experience.

4. Selective Attention
The most famous example to illustrate selective attention is known as the “cocktail party effect.”

5. Red Green Blue Yellow Orange Red Yellow Black
The Stroop Effect
Red Green Blue Yellow Orange Red Yellow Black
Blue Yellow Orange Yellow Red Black Green Red
Blue
Red
Orange
Green
Yellow

6. The Stroop Effect
Selective Attention Theory: the interference occurs because naming colors requires more attention than reading words.

7. Selective Attention Change Blindness* Inattentional Blindness*

8. Real Quick: Phi Phenomenon optical illusion of perceiving continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession
Motion Perception: Illusion of Movement with Blinking Lights

9. Stroboscopic Motion
The illusion of motion that occurs when a stationary object is first seen briefly in one location and, following a short interval, is seen in another location.

10. Perception
Visual Capture: refers to the tendency for vision to dominate the other senses.
Does this picture help you remember the example from your book?

11. Perceptual Organization
Gestalt: an organized whole.
Gestalt psychologists emphasize humans’ tendencies to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.
Things are not seen as sum of parts but immediately as wholes.

12. Gestalt Principle: Mind Always Wants to Make Stimuli Meaningful.
The fact that you can read this sentence…
“it deosn't mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprometnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be at the rghit pclae”
…illustrates gestalt principles are at work to make things a meaningful whole.

13. Gestalt Principle: Mind Always Wants to Make Stimuli Meaningful.*

14. Gestalt Psychology
Grouping: the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups
Gestault/Grouping Principles:
Proximity
Similarity
Continuity
Closure
Connectedness

15. Proximity: tendency to group nearby figures together

16. Similarity: tendency to group figures that are similar

17. Continuity: tendency to perceive continuous patterns

18. Closure: tendency to fill in the gaps in visual information.

19. Connectedness: spots, lines and areas are seen as a unit when connected

20. Perceptual Organization
Figure-Ground Relationship: tendency to organize information into objects (figure) that stand out from their background(ground)

21. Figure Ground Illusion

24. The Big Ten collegiate conference has eleven schools but they didn’t want to change their name. However, they used their logo to hide the numerical “11” in the name.

25. Toblerone Chocolate
                                                                    
One of my favorite chocolates…yummy!! But trust me I never noticed the brilliant logo while enjoying my bar. You must be thinking what is there to find out as it clearly shows the Swiss Alps? Let me explain…Toblerone originated in Bern, Switzerland - A city whose name is rumored to mean, “City of bears.” When you look at it again you will find a bear in the logo.

26. Depth Perception
Depth Perception: the ability to see objects in three dimensions. Allows us to gauge distance.
Visual Cliff: illustrated that crawling infants and newborns perceive depth.

27. Types of Depth Perception
Binocular Cues: depth cues that rely on the use of two eyes.
Examples of Binocular Cues:
Retinal Disparity: idea that images of an object from the two eyes differ. The closer the object, the larger the difference (disparity.)
Convergence: extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object that brain keeps track of to measure distance.

28. Retinal Disparity and the Sausage Illusion

29. Types of Depth Perception
Monocular Cues: distance cues that are available to either eye alone. Often used in art.
Examples of Monocular Cues
Relative size: smaller image is more distant
Interposition: closer object blocks distant object
Relative Clarity: hazy object seen as more distant
Texture: coarse=close; fine=distant

30. key name
James J. GIBSON
Among the first to discover the importance of texture gradient for perceiving depth. Most surfaces have a texture but it becomes less detailed as the surface recedes into the background.

31. Types of Depth Perception
Examples of Monocular Cues Continued:
Relative Height: higher objects seen as more distant
Relative Motion: closer objects seem to move faster
Linear Perspective: parallel lines converge with distance
Relative Brightness: closer objects appear brighter
Light and Shadow: nearby objects reflect more light to our eyes.

32. Monocular Cue?

33. Monocular Cue? Who is closer: Snoopy or Woodstock? Woodstock
How do you know? Woodstock blocks part of Snoopy. In other words, INTERPOSITION.

34. Monocular Cue?

35. Monocular Cue?
Less detail
Further away
More detail
Closer

36. Monocular Cue?
Highlights and shadows can provide information about an object's dimensions and depth.
Because our visual system assumes the light comes from above, a totally different perception is obtained if the image is viewed upside down.

40. Perceptual Constancy
Perceptual Constancy: perceiving objects as unchanging despite changes in retinal image
shape
size

41. Interplay Between Perceived Size and Distance
Using monocular cues for distance can often cause us to perceive incorrect information.

42. Muller-Lyer Illusion Involves Misperception of Line Segments

43. Muller-Lyer Illusion is Culturally Specific to Western Architecture

44. Poggendorf's Optical Illusion
Poggendorf's Optical Illusion* The single line if continued joins with the _______ line.
One explanation for this illusion is
that the lower right end of the line appears nearer than the upper left;
that is, the line is seen as receding in space.

45. Impossible Object

46. Sensory Deprivation and Perception
Kittens raised without exposure to horizontal lines later had difficulty perceiving horizontal bars.
Remember that sensory deprivation affects infants worse than older animals and humans.

47. Perceptual Adaptation
(vision) ability to adjust to an artificially displaced visual field
prism glasses

48. Perceptual Set – the power of expectancy
A situation where a person is predisposed (more likely) to perceive one thing over another.

49. Bill Clinton and ?

52. Power of Expectancy/Set

53. Perceptual Set

54. Usually See Saxophone Player Now Instead of…

55. Woman

56. Perceptual Set*
Provide punctuation that will make the words below meaningful:
TIME FLIES I CANT THEYRE TOO FAST

57. Is there Extrasensory Perception?
Extrasensory Perception: claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input.
Telepathy
Clairvoyance
Precognition
Parapsychology: study of paranormal phenomenon, including ESP and psychokinesis.