1. PERCEPTION!

3. Perception The process of integrating, organizing, and interpreting sensation

4. Perceptions Influenced by: ----motivation ----Values ----Expectations ----Experience ----Culture ----Cognitive Style ----Personality

5. Perception Selective Attention focus of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

6. Visual Capture –tendency for vision to dominate the other senses

7. Perception – say it The process of integrating, organizing, and interpreting sensation

9. Gestalt Psychology We perceive whole objects, not isolated bits or pieces.

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11. Figure- Ground relationship organization of the visual field into object (figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground) Analyzing separate information allows us to re-act to each individual object accordingly – Camouflage – when figures blend into the background

12. Camouflage

13. What is the figure, and what is the background here?

14. –Gestalt Psychologists focus on how we normally perceive images as groups, not isolated elements –Several factors influence how we will group objects: -Proximity-Similarity -Continuity-Closure Gestalt Psychology

15. –proximity- group nearby figures together

17. –similarity- Objects that are similar in appearance are more likely to be perceived as belonging in the same group

18. continuity The tendency to Perceive continuous patterns

20. closure- –The tendency to overlook incompleteness, and complete objects so that they fit into our mental preconceptions of what objects are supposed to look like

23. Constancy – perceiving objects as unchanging despite changes in retinal image There are three types of constancy cues: – Size Constancy – Shape Constancy – Brightness Constancy

24. Size Constancy Objects closer to us will produce bigger images on our retinas, and as they move away they project a smaller image. The actual size of the object does not change

25. Objects viewed from different angles will produce different shapes on our retina. Though we may change our position, the shape doesn’t change. Shape Constancy

26. Brightness/Color Constancy We perceive objects as having a constant color, despite lighting, shading, etc. –A brick wall is still red, whether bright sunlight is on it, or darkness has made it look gray.

27. We perceive the white as a constant whiteness, regardless of the shadow, when in reality, it is the same gray as the gray squares...trust me.

28. Depth Perception Depth Cues allow us to perceive the world in three dimensions. – Monocular Cues depth cues that do not depend on having two eyes working in conjunction together – Binocular Cues depth cues that depend on having two eyes working in conjunction with each other

29. Relative Size Texture Gradient Interposition Relative Clarity/Shadowing Linear Perspective Relative motion/motion parallax Monocular Cues

30. relative size smaller image is more distant

33. texture gradient –coarse --> close fine --> distant –(Look at the floor beneath you, and then across the room)

36. Interposition/ Overlap A closer object blocks a more distant object

38. relative clarity/shadowing hazy object seen as more distant Lighted objects seem closer Darker objects seem further away

39. Relative Clarity

40. Shadowing Notice the “perception” of depth changes when shading is reversed

43. linear perspective parallel lines converge with distance

44. Vanishing Point – where two parallel lines connect in the distance

46. relative motion/ Motion Parallax closer objects seem to move faster (riding in a car, trees along the road vs. houses in the distance)

47. Artists use these all the time to give their work a true feeling of depth Trompe l'oeil

61. Binocular Cues Depth cues that require the use of both eyes

62. Retinal Disparity A binocular depth cue resulting from slightly different images produced by the separation of the retinas in the left and right eye Is most effective when the item is quite close to the person

63. Binocular Depth Cues: Finger Sausage

64. Convergence A binocular depth cue related to the tension in the eye muscles when the eyes track inward to focus on objects close to the viewer The more tension in the eye muscle, the closer the object is Works best at close distances

65. –(Retinal) Binocular disparity images from the two eyes differ closer the object, the larger the disparity (Hold a pencil in front of you, close one eye, then close the other eye- you get two different images)

67. Motion Eye muscle activity Changing retinal image Contrast of the moving object and its stationary background All combine to bring us the perception of motion

68. Motion Stroboscopic Motion- timed flashing lights or moving pictures that give the illusion of movement

70. Factors That Influence Perceptual Interpretations Perceptual Set –The tendency to perceive a person or a situation in a particular way due to our past experiences with similar persons or situations

71. Perpetual Set - UFO

72. Perceptual Illusions When our normal, automatic perception processes guide us to the wrong conclusions

73. Muller- Lyer Illusion Which area is longer?

74. How about these ?

75. Which monster and line segment is larger?

77. Subliminal Perception Thresholds imply that there must be stimulus below and beyond our current levels of detection. Can human behavior be influenced by stimulus that is below or beyond our level of awareness?

78. Extrasensory Perception Some people claim to have extra powers of perception, or the ability to respond to an unknown event that is not presented to any of the known senses. Parapsychology

80. Cover one eye with a sunglass lens…