3. Table of Contents – pages iv-v Unit 1: What is Biology?What is Biology? Unit 2: Ecology Unit 3: The Life of a Cell Unit 4: Genetics Unit 5: Change Through Time Unit 6: Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi Unit 7: Plants Unit 8: Invertebrates Unit 9: Vertebrates Unit 10: The Human Body

4. Table of Contents – pages iv-v Unit 1: What is Biology?What is Biology? Chapter 1: Biology: The Study of LifeBiology: The Study of Life Unit 2: Ecology Chapter 2: Principles of Ecology Chapter 3: Communities and Biomes Chapter 4: Population Biology Chapter 5: Biological Diversity and Conservation Unit 3: The Life of a Cell Chapter 6: The Chemistry of Life Chapter 7: A View of the Cell Chapter 8: Cellular Transport and the Cell Cycle Chapter 9: Energy in a Cell

5. Table of Contents – pages iv-v Unit 4: Genetics Chapter 10: Mendel and Meiosis Chapter 11: DNA and Genes Chapter 12: Patterns of Heredity and Human Genetics Chapter 13: Genetic Technology Unit 5: Change Through Time Chapter 14: The History of Life Chapter 15: The Theory of Evolution Chapter 16: Primate Evolution Chapter 17: Organizing Life’s Diversity

6. Table of Contents – pages iv-v Unit 6: Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi Chapter 18: Viruses and Bacteria Chapter 19: Protists Chapter 20: Fungi Unit 7: Plants Chapter 21: What Is a Plant? Chapter 22: The Diversity of Plants Chapter 23: Plant Structure and Function Chapter 24: Reproduction in Plants

7. Table of Contents – pages iv-v Unit 8: Invertebrates Chapter 25: What Is an Animal? Chapter 26: Sponges, Cnidarians, Flatworms, and Roundworms Chapter 27: Mollusks and Segmented Worms Chapter 28: Arthropods Chapter 29: Echinoderms and Invertebrate Chordates

8. Table of Contents – pages iv-v Unit 9: Vertebrates Chapter 30: Fishes and Amphibians Chapter 31: Reptiles and Birds Chapter 32: Mammals Chapter 33: Animal Behavior Unit 10: The Human Body Chapter 34: Protection, Support, and Locomotion Chapter 35: The Digestive and Endocrine Systems Chapter 36: The Nervous System Chapter 37: Respiration, Circulation, and Excretion Chapter 38: Reproduction and Development Chapter 39: Immunity from Disease

9. Unit Overview – pages 142-143 What is Biology? Biology: The Study of Life

10. Chapter Contents – page vii Chapter 1 Biology: The Study of LifeBiology: The Study of Life 1.1: What is Biology?What is Biology? 1.1: Section CheckSection Check 1.2: The Methods of BiologyThe Methods of Biology 1.2: Section CheckSection Check 1.3: The Nature of BiologyThe Nature of Biology 1.3: Section CheckSection Check Chapter 1 SummarySummary Chapter 1 AssessmentAssessment

11. Chapter Intro-page 2 What You’ll Learn You will identify the characteristics of life. You will recognize how scientific methods are used to study living things.

12. 1.1 Section Objectives – page 3 Recognize some possible benefits from studying biology. Section Objectives: Summarize the characteristics of living things.

13. Section 1.1 Summary – pages 3-10 The concepts, principles, and theories that allow people to understand the natural environment form the core of biology, the study of life. A key aspect of biology is simply learning about the different types of living things around you. The Science of Biology

14. Section 1.1 Summary – pages 3-10 Life on Earth includes not only the common organisms you notice every day, but also distinctive life forms that have unusual behaviors. The Science of Biology

15. Section 1.1 Summary – pages 3-10 When studying the different types of living things, you’ll ask what, why, and how questions about life. The answers to such questions lead to the development of general biological principles and rules. The Science of Biology

16. Section 1.1 Summary – pages 3-10 One of the most general principles in biology is that living things do not exist in isolation; they are all functioning parts in the delicate balance of nature. Biologists study the interactions of life

17. Section 1.1 Summary – pages 3-10 Living things interact with their environment and depend upon other living and nonliving things to aid their survival. Biologists study the interactions of life

18. Interactions

19. Section 1.1 Summary – pages 3-10 Through your study of biology, you will come to appreciate the great diversity of life on Earth and the way all living organisms fit into the dynamic pattern of life on our planet. Biologists study the Diversity of Life

20. Section 1.1 Summary – pages 3-10 Because no living things, including humans, exist in isolation, the study of biology must include the investigation of living interactions. The study of one living thing always involves the study of the others with which it interacts. Biologists study the interactions of the environment

21. Section 1.1 Summary – pages 3-10 The study of biology will teach you how humans function and how we fit in with the rest of the natural world. It will also equip you with the knowledge you need to help sustain this planet’s web of life. Biologists study problems and propose solutions Biologists study problems and propose solutions

22. Section 1.1 Summary – pages 3-10 Biologists have formulated a list of characteristics by which we can recognize living things. Only when something has all of them can it then be considered living. Characteristics of Living Things

23. Section 1.1 Summary – pages 3-10 Anything that possesses all of the characteristics of life is known as an organism. Characteristics of Living Things

24. Section 1.1 Summary – pages 3-10 All living things: have an orderly structure produce offspring grow and develop adjust to changes in the environment Characteristics of Living Things

25. Section 1.1 Summary – pages 3-10 When biologists search for signs of life, one of the first things they look for is structure. That’s because they know that all living things show an orderly structure, or organization. Whether an organism is made up of one cell or billions of cells, all of its parts function together in an orderly, living system. Living things are organized

26. Section 1.1 Summary – pages 3-10 One of the most obvious of all the characteristics of life is reproduction, the production of offspring. Living things make more living things

27. Section 1.1 Summary – pages 3-10 Reproduction is not essential for the survival of an individual organism, but it is essential for the continuation of the organism’s species. A species is a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring in nature. Living things make more living things

28. Section 1.1 Summary – pages 3-10 Growth results in an increase in the amount of living material and the formation of new structures. All organisms grow, with different parts of the organism growing at different rates. All of the changes that take place during the life of an organism are known as its development. Living things change during their lives

29. Section 1.1 Summary – pages 3-10 Organisms live in a constant interface with their surroundings, or environment, which includes the air, water, weather, temperature, any other organisms in the area, and many other factors. Living things adjust to their surroundings

30. Section 1.1 Summary – pages 3-10 Anything in an organism’s external or internal environment that causes the organism to react is a stimulus. A reaction to a stimulus is a response. Living things adjust to their surroundings

31. Section 1.1 Summary – pages 3-10 Regulation of an organism’s internal environment to maintain conditions suitable for its survival is called homeostasis. Living things reproduce themselves, grow and develop, respond to external stimuli, and maintain homeostasis by using energy. Energy is the ability to cause change. Living things adjust to their surroundings

32. Section 1.1 Summary – pages 3-10 Any structure, behavior, or internal process that enables an organism to respond to environmental factors and live to produce offspring is called an adaptation. Adaptations are inherited from previous generations. The gradual change in a species through adaptations over time is evolution. Living things adapt and evolve

33. Section 1 Check Question 1 How does society benefit from the study of biology?

34. Section 1 Check Benefits include advances in medical treatments and disease prevention, learning more about how the human body functions, increasing knowledge of human relationships and better understanding of how to sustain the web of life on Earth.

35. Section 1 Check Question 2 What is the origin of the term "biology"?

36. Section 1 Check "Biology" comes from two Greek words, "bios" meaning life, and "logos" meaning study. Biology is the study of life.

37. Section 1 Check Question 3 What are some characteristics of living things?

38. Section 1 Check All living things have an orderly structure, produce offspring, grow and develop, and adjust to changes in the environment. Sometimes nonliving things have one or more of these characteristics, but unless something has all of them it is not considered to be a living thing. These plants are called Lithops from the Greek lithos, meaning “stone.” Although they don’t appear to be so, Lithops are just as alive as elephants. Both species possess all of the characteristics of life.

39. Section 1 Check Question 4 A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring is a(n) __________. D. niche C. environment B. species A. organization

40. Section 1 Check The answer is B, species.

41. Section 1 Check Question 5 What is the importance of homeostasis?

42. Section 1 Check Homeostasis is the regulation of an organism's internal environment to maintain conditions suitable for survival. An example is the adjustment an organism makes in the amount of water in its cells; without the ability to make such adjustments, organisms die.

43. Section 1 Check Question 6 Which of the following is an example of an adaptation? D. all the changes that take place during the lifetime of an organism C. possessing large eyes for efficient night vision B. changing only one condition at a time during an experiment A. the gradual change in a species over time

44. Section 1 Check The answer is C. A structure, behavior or internal process that enables an organism to respond to environmental factors and live to reproduce is an adaptation. Evolution is the gradual change of a species over time and occurs through adaptations.

45. 1.2 Section Objectives – page 11 Compare different scientific methods. Section Objectives: Differentiate among hypothesis, theory, and principle.

46. Section 1.2 Summary – pages 11-18 The knowledge obtained when scientists answer one question often generates other questions or proves useful in solving other problems. Observing and Hypothesizing

47. Section 1.2 Summary – pages 11-18 The common steps that biologists and other scientists use to gather information and answer questions are collectively known as scientific methods. The methods biologists use Scientific methods usually begin with scientists identifying a problem to solve by observing the world around them.

48. Section 1.2 Summary – pages 11-18 A hypothesis is an explanation for a question or a problem that can be formally tested. Hypothesizing is one of the methods most frequently used by scientists. A hypothesis is not a random guess. The methods biologists use

49. Section 1.2 Summary – pages 11-18 Eventually, the scientist may test a hypothesis by conducting an experiment. The results of the experiment will help the scientist draw a conclusion about whether or not the hypothesis is correct. The methods biologists use

50. Section 1.2 Summary – pages 11-18 To a scientist, an experiment is an investigation that tests a hypothesis by the process of collecting information under controlled conditions. Experimenting

51. Section 1.2 Summary – pages 11-18 Some experiments involve two groups: the control group and the experimental group. What is a controlled experiment? The control is the group in which all conditions are kept the same. The experimental group is the test group, in which all conditions are kept the same except for the single condition being tested.

52. Section 1.2 Summary – pages 11-18 In a controlled experiment, only one condition is changed at a time. Designing an experiment The condition in an experiment that is changed is the independent variable, because it is the only variable that affects the outcome of the experiment.

53. Section 1.2 Summary – pages 11-18 While changing the independent variable, the scientist observes or measures a second condition that results from the change. Designing an experiment This condition is the dependent variable, because any changes in it depend on changes made to the independent variable.

54. Section 1.2 Summary – pages 11-18 Information obtained from investigations is called data. Data gathering Often, data are in numerical form.

55. Section 1.2 Summary – pages 11-18 Data gathering Numerical data may be measurements of time, temperature, length, mass, area, volume, or other factors. Numerical data may also be counts. Sometimes data are expressed in verbal form, using words to describe observations made during an investigation.

56. Section 1.2 Summary – pages 11-18 After careful review of the results, the scientist must come to a conclusion: Thinking about what happened Was the hypothesis supported by the data? Was it not supported? Are more data needed?

57. Section 1.2 Summary – pages 11-18 After results of an investigation have been published, other scientists can try to verify the results by repeating the procedure. Verifying results When a hypothesis is supported by data from additional investigations, it is considered valid and is generally accepted by the scientific community.

58. Section 1.2 Summary – pages 11-18 In science, a hypothesis that is supported by many separate observations and investigations, usually over a long period of time, becomes a theory. Theories and laws A theory is an explanation of a natural phenomenon that is supported by a large body of scientific evidence obtained from many different investigations and observations.

59. Section 1.2 Summary – pages 11-18 Results and conclusions of investigations are reported in scientific journals, where they are available for examination by other scientists. Reporting results

60. Section 1.2 Summary – pages 11-18 In addition to theories, scientists also recognize certain facts of nature, called laws or principles, that are generally known to be true. Theories and laws

61. Section 2 Check What is the difference between a hypothesis and an observation? Question 1

62. Section 2 Check A hypothesis is an explanation for a question or problem and can be formally tested. An observation is something that has been noticed, often generating questions that lead to the formation of a hypothesis.

63. Section 2 Check A scientist conducts an experiment to test the effect of light on plant growth. In each experiment, three plants of the same variety are each given 10 mL of water. One plant is exposed to full sunlight for 8 hours, one is exposed to full sunlight for 4 hours, and one plant is kept in a dark room. Plant height is measured after two weeks. What is the independent variable in this experiment? Question 2

64. Section 2 Check What is the independent variable in this experiment? D. amount of water C. plant height B. amount of sunlight A. soil volume Question 2

65. Section 2 Check The answer is B. The independent variable is the condition that is changed. In this case, the amount of sunlight is changed for each plant. Plant heights are measured results of the experiment, so plant height is the dependent variable.

66. Section 2 Check Which of the following is the group in an experiment in which all conditions are kept the same? Question 3 D. control C. experimental B. independent variable A. standard

67. Section 2 Check The answer is D. Conditions are kept the same in the control group. The experimental group is the test group.

68. Section 2 Check Compare the terms "theory" and "principle". Question 4

69. Section 2 Check A theory is an explanation of a natural phenomenon that is supported by a large body of scientific evidence. A principle is a fact of nature, generally known to be true, such as the law of gravity.

70. 1.3 Section Objectives – page 19 Compare and contrast quantitative and qualitative information. Section Objectives: Explain why science and technology cannot solve all problems.

71. Section 1.3 Summary – pages 19-23 Scientific information can usually be classified into one of two main types, quantitative or qualitative. Kinds of Information

72. Section 1.3 Summary – pages 19-23 Biologists sometimes conduct controlled experiments that result in counts or measurements—that is, numerical data. Quantitative information These kinds of experiments occur in quantitative research. The data are analyzed by comparing numerical values.

73. Section 1.3 Summary – pages 19-23 Quantitative data may be used to make a graph or table. Quantitative information Paramecium Survival Rates Temperature Number of paramecia surviving

74. Section 1.3 Summary – pages 19-23 Graphs and tables communicate large amounts of data in a form that is easy to understand. Paramecium Survival Rates Temperature Number of paramecia surviving Quantitative information

75. Section 1.3 Summary – pages 19-23 Scientists always report measurements in a form of the metric system called the International System of Measurement, commonly known as SI. Measuring in the International System SI Base Units Measurement Unit Symbol Lengthmeterm Mass kilogramkg Timeseconds Electric current ampereA Temperaturekelvin K Amount of substancemolemol Intensity of lightcandelacd

76. Section 1.3 Summary – pages 19-23 Measuring in the International System In biology, the metric units you will encounter most often are: meter (length), kilogram (mass), liter (volume), second (time), and Celsius degree (temperature).

77. Section 1.3 Summary – pages 19-23 Observational data—that is, written descriptions of what scientists observe—are often just as important in the solution of a scientific problem as numerical data. Qualitative information When biologists use purely observational data, they are using qualitative information.

78. Section 1.3 Summary – pages 19-23 Ethics refers to the moral principles and values held by humans. Society as a whole must take responsibility for the ethical use of scientific discoveries. Science and Society

79. Section 1.3 Summary – pages 19-23 Some questions are simply not in the realm of science. Can science answer all questions? Such questions may involve decisions regarding good versus evil, ugly versus beautiful, or similar judgements.

80. Section 1.3 Summary – pages 19-23 Scientific study that is carried out mainly for the sake of knowledge—with no immediate interest in applying the results to daily living—is called pure science. Can technology solve all problems?

81. Section 1.3 Summary – pages 19-23 Other scientists work in research that has obvious and immediate applications. Can technology solve all problems? Technology is the application of scientific research to society’s needs and problems.

82. Section 1.3 Summary – pages 19-23 Science and technology will never answer all of the questions we ask, nor will they solve all of our problems. Can technology solve all problems?

83. Section 3 Check Explain the difference between quantitative and qualitative information. Question 1

84. Quantitative information can be expressed numerically, and may also be used to generate graphs or tables in order to communicate data clearly. Qualitative information is not expressed numerically. Observational data and written descriptions of what scientists observe, are qualitative information. Section 3 Check U.S. Students Enrolled in Physical Education Male Female

85. Section 3 Check Why is the SI system important to scientists? Question 2

86. SI is the International System of Measurement. The use of SI enables scientists anywhere in the world to understand data reported by other scientists, and makes peer review of results easier. Section 3 Check SI Base Units Measurement Unit Symbol Lengthmeterm Mass kilogramkg Timeseconds Electric current ampereA Temperaturekelvin K Amount of substancemolemol Intensity of lightcandelacd

87. Section 3 Check Which of the following is an SI unit? Question 3 D. yard C. second B. pound A. foot

88. The answer is C. Second is the SI unit of time. Section 3 Check SI Base Units Measurement Unit Symbol Lengthmeterm Mass kilogramkg Timeseconds Electric current ampereA Temperaturekelvin K Amount of substancemolemol Intensity of lightcandelacd

89. Section 3 Check Explain how ethics are part of scientific discoveries. Question 4

90. Ethics are a system of moral values or principles of right conduct. The knowledge gained through scientific research is not good or bad, but some applications of scientific knowledge may be considered unacceptable to some people. It is the responsibility of society as a whole to determine the ethical use of scientific discoveries. Section 3 Check

91. How does technology benefit a society? Question 5

92. Technology is the application of scientific research to society's needs and problems. It can result in improvements in such areas as food production, waste and pollution reduction, and medical care. While technology has provided numerous benefits, sometimes problems result as well. Section 3 Check

93. Chapter Summary – 1.1 Biology is the organized study of living things and their interactions with their natural and physical environments. All living things have four characteristics in common: organization, reproduction, growth and development, and the ability to adjust to the environment. What is biology?

94. Chapter Summary – 1.2 Biologists use controlled experiments to obtain data that either do or do not support a hypothesis. By publishing the results and conclusions of an experiment, a scientist allows others to try to verify the results. Repeated verification over time leads to the development of a theory. The Methods of Biology

95. Chapter Summary – 1.2 The Methods of Biology Scientific methods are used by scientists to answer questions or solve problems. Scientific methods include observing, making a hypothesis, collecting data, publishing results, forming a theory, developing new hypotheses, and revising the theory.

96. Chapter Summary – 1.3 Biologists do their work in laboratories and in the field. They collect both quantitative and qualitative data from their experiments and investigations. Scientists conduct investigations to increase knowledge about the natural world. Scientific results may help solve some problems, but not all. The Nature of Biology

97. Chapter Assessment Question 1 What results in an increase in the amount of living material in an organism? D. energy C. stimuli B. development A. growth

98. The answer is A. Growth results in an increase of living material; development refers to the changes that take place during the life of the organism. Chapter Assessment

99. Question 2 Which of the following enables an organism to maintain homeostasis? D. experimentation C. energy B. environment A. evolution

100. The answer is C. Homeostasis is the regulation of an organism's internal environment. Living things maintain homeostasis, as well as grow and develop and reproduce themselves, by using energy from food. Chapter Assessment

101. Question 3 Compare the developments of unicellular and multi-cellular organisms.

102. Both types of organisms grow. However, multi-cellular organisms undergo more changes during their lives, therefore greater development, than do unicellular organisms. Chapter Assessment

103. Question 4 Compare the energy sources of plants and animals.

104. Organisms get their energy from food. Plants make their own food using energy from the Sun. Animals get their energy from plants or from organisms that consume plants. Chapter Assessment

105. Question 5 Which of the following is an example of observational data? What type of data are the other examples? D. average number of panda offspring per adult female C. temperature at which bees cease flying B. number of bees that visit a flower per day A. description of panda behavior

106. The answer is A. The other examples are numerical data. Chapter Assessment

107. Question 6 Which of the following is an appropriate question for science to consider? D. What birds prefer nesting in low shrubs? C. Does breaking a mirror cause bad luck? B. What brand of fertilizer should farmers use? A. Which type of rose produces the most pleasing scent?

108. The answer is D. Questions that involve judgments about beauty or matters of opinion are not in the realm of science. Chapter Assessment

109. Question 7 In a controlled experiment, the __________ is the observed condition that results from the change of the __________. D. independent variable, hypothesis C. dependent variable, control group B. dependent variable, independent variable A. independent variable, dependent variable

110. The answer is B. In a controlled experiment, the condition that is changed is the independent variable. The scientist then observes or measures the dependent variable that results. Chapter Assessment

111. Question 8 Define the term "evolution".

112. Evolution is the gradual change in a species through adaptations that are inherited from previous generations. Chapter Assessment Camel Evolution Age Organism Skull and teeth Paleocene 65 million years ago Eocene 54 million years ago Oligocene 33 million years ago Limb bones Miocene 23 million years ago Present

113. Chapter Assessment Question 9 Why are safety symbols important?

114. It is the responsibility of persons conducting scientific investigations to minimize hazards to themselves and others working around them. Safety symbols warn of any dangers that may exist. Chapter Assessment Sharp Object Safety This symbol appears when a danger of cuts or punctures caused by the use of sharp objects exists. Clothing Protection Safety This symbol appears when substances used could stain or burn clothing. Eye Safety This symbol appears when a danger to the eyes exists. Safety goggles should be worn when this symbol appears. Chemical Safety This symbol appears when chemicals used can cause burns or are poisonous if absorbed through the skin.

115. Chapter Assessment Question 10 Is technology always beneficial? Give examples to support your answer.

116. Technological advances have benefited humans in numerous ways but have also resulted in some serious problems. For example, fertilizer that boosts crop production can also pollute water. Value judgments must be made as to how to utilize technology while protecting the environment. Chapter Assessment

117. Photo Credits Corbis Dan Pitillio Digital Stock PhotoDisc Alton Biggs

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