1. Chapter 2
THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE

2. California State Standards
1h: most macromolecules in cells and organisms are synthesized from a small collection of simple precursor
4e: proteins can differ from one another in the number and sequence of amino acids
1b: enzymes are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions without altering the reactions equilibrium and the activities of enzymes depend on the temperature, ionic conditions, and the pH of the surroundings

3. CHAPTER 2: THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
The first job of a biologist is to understand the chemistry of life.
2-1 The Nature of Matter
A. Atoms
· ___________= the basic unit of matter (has volume and mass; solid, liquid, gas, and plasma)
· Atoms are made
Atoms
subatomic particles called protons, neutrons, and electrons

4. Carbon Atom - = neutrons _______________= Nucleus - center of an atom.
= electrons -
Electronegative charge
1/1840 amu
= protons -
electrons travel in
regions outside the
nucleus called orbitals
Positively charged
1 amu
= neutrons -
_______________=
center of an atom.
Home to protons and neutrons.
Nucleus
No charge
1 amu

5. · More than _____known kinds;
B B. Elements
· Elements=
· More than _____known kinds;
  · Found on the
pure substances that consists entirely of one type of atom
       dozen are common in living organisms
100
Periodic table

6. Reading the Periodic Table Example: The element Carbon (only made of carbon atoms)
Atomic number =
Number of protons in an atom; different for each element
SYMBOL
____________
usually 1-2 letters
____________
of the element
NAME
_______________=
# Protons + # neutrons in an atom; the average of one elements isotopes
MASS NUMBER
Isotopes are the various forms of an atom that differ based on the number of neutrons in the nucleus such as C 14. The isotopes that differ from the most common form are often radioactive or unstable.

7. C. Chemical Compounds
1. Chemical compound=
Example: Sodium Chloride = Table salt Forms when
sodium and chlorine combine in a 1:1 ratio
2. Chemical formula=
Example: Sodium Chloride= NaCl
3. ____________________________ of a molecule
Example: = white crystalline solid
= a soft silvery metal that reacts
explosively with water
= poisonous greenish gas
a substance formed by the combination of 2 or more elements in definite proportions.
a short hand that shows chemical composition
Chemical properties
NaCl Na Cl

8. held together by links called chemical bonds.
Atoms in compounds are
Involves the
2 main types of bonds are: ___________ and _________
held together by links called chemical bonds.
interaction of electrons
covalent ionic

9. 1. Ionic Bonds a.
b. ion=
are formed by the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another.
an atom that has a positive or negative charge as a result of gaining or losing electrons.
   

10. FORMING AN IONIC BOND +1 -1 Figure 2 3 Ionic Bonding
Sodium atom (Na)
Chlorine atom (Cl)
Sodium ion (Na + )
Chloride ion (Cl -
Transfer
of electron
Protons +11
Electrons 11
Charge
Protons +17 17 10 18
Section 2 1
Figure 2
3 Ionic Bonding +1 -1
c. Opposite charges attract creating a bond between the ions

11. 2. Covalent Bonds
a. formed by the
b. Sharing means
c. atoms sharing 2 electrons=
__ electrons=double bond
6 electrons=
d. _________________= The smallest unit of most chemical compounds (those joined with covalent bonds)
sharing of electrons between 2 atoms.
that the moving electrons are actually traveling in the orbitals of both atoms.
single bond 4
triple bond
Molecule

12. What property of water explains why this insect can stand on water?
2-2
What property of water explains why this insect can stand on water?

13. Why does ice float?

14. Ice is less dense than water.
Gas (water vapor)
Solid (Ice)
Liquid (water)

15. Water is Polar—uneven distribution of electrons

16. Hydrogen bonds

17. Water Cohesion & Adhesion
Water properties

18. Solution

19. Water has a pH of 7 which means that [H+] = [OH-]
Acids contain higher concentrations of [H+] ions than water.
Bases contain lower concentrations of [H+] ions than water.

20. 2-2 Properties of Water- Refer to reader’s guide
 2-3 Carbon Compounds
A. The Chemistry of Carbon
1. Carbon has ________________ which means carbon can form _________________
2. Living organisms are made up of molecules that consist
  3. Carbon can bond with itself forming
4 valence electrons
4 covalent bonds.
of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
phosphorus, nitrogen and sulfur.
chains of unlimited length and form, rings, and complex structures.

21. 4.  The _____ groups of organic compounds found in living things are:
B. Macromolecules
1. Macromolecules=
2. Polymerization=
3. Monomers=
4.  The _____ groups of organic compounds found in living things are:
are giant molecules consisting
of smaller molecules.
process of joining small molecules to form large molecules
small units that form polymers (large molecules) 4
carbohydrates
lipids
nucleic acids
proteins
Polymerization

22. PLANT CELL WALLS (CELLULOSE) POLYSACCHARIDE
Made of
Example
Function
Monomer
Carbohy-drate
C,H,O
1:2:1
Glucose
C6H12O6
1.Stores Energy -animals =
-plants =
2. Structural
Purposes -
Monosaccharide =
Mono + mono
+mono=
Lipids
Mostly
C, H
Very
little O
Stores Energy
2. Form cell
membranes
Waterproof coverings
4. Chemical messengers
1 glycerol
3 fatty acids
Saturated-
Unsaturated-
SINGLE SUGAR
GLYCOGEN
STARCH
PLANT CELL WALLS (CELLULOSE)
POLYSACCHARIDE
CHITIN (INSECT EXOSKELETON)
FATS
OILS
WAXES
STEROIDS
NO DOUBLE BONDS IN FATTY ACID
AT LEAST ONE DOUBLE BOND

23. Challenge Question Why are most unsaturated fats liquid at room temperature?

24. Stores and transmits hereditary information
Made of
Example
Function
Monomer
Nucleic acids C H O P N
Stores and transmits hereditary information
Nucleotide= 1. 2. 3.
Proteins
methionine
Shape determines function
2. pump small
molecules in and
out of the cell
3. aids in cell
movement
Amino acids
DNA/RNA
5-C SUGAR
PHOSPHATE GROUP
NITROGENOUS
BASE
20 KINDS
HELPS CONTROL RATE OF REACTIONS (ENZYMES)

25. Carbohydrates

26. Lipids

27. Nucleic acids
Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides joined together to make large macromolecules.
The important nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA) and various types of ribonucleic acids(RNA).

28. Proteins
Protein are the building blocks of our body. We find protein in our bones, and muscles. We find protein in our hair and nails. There is protein in our brain, and also protein is part of our blood.
Summary

29. Concept Map Concept Summary
Choose from the following: lipids, nucleotides, amino acids, fats and oils,
sugars and starches, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins
Carbohydreat
Carbon
Compounds
include
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
Sugars and
starches
Fats and oils
Nucleotides
Amino Acids
which contain
which contain
which contain
which contain
Carbon,
hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
hydrogen,oxygen,
nitrogen,

30. IQ Quiz: Chapter 2 What kind of compounds did we test in the lab?
What chemical was used to test for simple sugars?
What was a positive result?
If we want to see if peanuts have fat in them what could we do?
How do we know if it is positive?
What did copper sulfate and sodium hydroxide test for?
If I had a bowl of cereal and Iodine fell into my cereal and turned a blue-black color what do I know is in my cereal?
Name a food that had more than 1 compound in it? (tested positive for more than 1 test)
What are the four most common elements in living things?

31. 2-4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
A. Chemical Reactions =process that changes, or transforms one set of chemicals into
another. Always involves changes in
chemical bonds.
1. Reactants=
2. Products=
elements or compounds that enter a reaction
elements or compounds produced by a reaction
EXAMPLE: HCl H + Cl

32. B. Energy in Reactions
Activation Energy=
C. Enzymes
1. Catalyst=
energy that is needed to get a reaction started
a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without changing itself.

33. 2. Catalysts ___________________________in a chemical reaction.
lower the activation energy
Reaction with no enzyme
AE without enzyme
AE with enzyme
reactants
Reaction with an enzyme
products

34. 3. ______________ are ___________________ that speed up favorable (spontaneous) reactions.
4. Enzymes _____________ chemical reactions that take place in cells.
5. Enzymes are
Enzymes
biological catalysts
speed up
very specific
D. Enzyme Action
1. The Enzyme-Substrate Complex
a. Enzymes provide a site where reactants can be
brought together to react (increasing the rate of reaction by reducing the activation energy)

35. Enzyme Activity Active site=
Figure 2 -
21 Enzyme Action
Active site=
Site on the enzyme where the substrate attaches
Section 2 - 4
Enzyme
Glucose
(hexokinase)
The reactants of a catalyzed reaction
Substrates
ADP
Products
Glucose - 6 -
ATP
phosphate
Products
are released
Substrates
bind to
enzyme
Substrates
Enzyme-substrate complex
are converted
into products

36. -Ionic conditions (coenzymes)
b. Enzymes are not
2. Regulation of Enzyme Activity
- Enzyme activity depends on environmental
factors such as:
      ·    
(enzymes in the stomach function best around
pH=2)
       ·  
(human enzymes function best around 37°C)
consumed in the reaction; after products are formed, the enzyme is recycled. pH
temperature
-Ionic conditions (coenzymes)
-Substrate concentration (greater the concentration the greater the rate of the reaction)

37. Warm-up questions
Describe the difference between ionic and covalent bonds. Provide an example for each.

38. Warm-up
1. What are the 4 organic macromolecules which make up living organisms.
2. What are the monomers (building blocks) to these macromolecules.

39. Warm-up 1. What is a catalyst? 2. What are enzymes?
3. How do catalyst work?
4. What affects the activity of an enzyme?

40. Review The positively charged particle in an atom is the Neutron Ion
Proton
electron

41. Review
Two or more different atoms are combined in definite proportions in any
Symbol
Isotope
Element
Compound

42. Review A covalent bond is formed by the Transfer of electrons
Sharing of electrons
Gaining of electrons
Losing of electrons

43. Review
When you shake sugar and sand together in a test tube, you cause them to form a
Compound
Mixture
Solution
suspension

44. Review A compound that produces hydrogen ions in solution is Salt Acid
Base
polymer

45. Review
In polymerization, complex molecules are formed by the joining together of
Macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Polymers
monomers

46. Review Proteins are polymers formed from Lipids Carbohydrates
Amino acids
Nucleic acids

47. Review 9. An enzyme speeds up a reaction by Lowering activation energy
Raising activation energy
Releasing energy
Absorbing energy

48. Review
In a chemical reaction, a reactant binds to an enzyme at a region known as the
Catalyst
Product
Substrate
Active site

49. Standardized Test Prep
An attraction between different substances
Lower a chemical reaction’s activation energy
The elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction
Choose:
Cohesion
Adhesion
Catalysts
Reactants
Products

50. STP
Which one of the following is NOT an organic molecule found in living organisms
Protein
Nucleic acid
Carbohydrate
Sodium chloride
lipid

51. STP Which combination of particle and charge is correct? Proton: +
Electron: +
Neutron: -
Proton: -
Electron: 0

52. STP
In which of the following ways do isotopes of the same element differ?
# neutrons only
#protons only
#neutrons and protons
#protons and mass
#neutrons and mass

53. STP
Which of the following molecules is made up of glycerol and fatty acids?
Sugars
Starches
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Proteins

54. STP
Nucleotides consist of a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base, and a
Fatty acid
Starch
Lipid
5 carbon sugar
6 carbon sugar