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2. 2 What’s an Enzyme? 1.Enzymes are __________. 2.Enzymes are ___________. Catalysts _________ chemical reactions End in –____ (Ex: sucrase, catalase) Without an enzyme! With an enzyme!

3. 3 WARNING Superman had Kryptonite Enzymes have 1.______________(pH) 2.______ Temperatures 3.Extreme _____Temps

4. 4 Chemical Reactions ___________ → (yield) _________ Ex: Fe + O 2 → rust

5. Energy-______________ReactionEnergy-_____________ Reaction Products Activation energy Activation energy Reactants There are 2 kinds of chemical reactions ____________ ___________ _____________ ___________

6. All chemical reactions require a certain amount of energy to get started. - This is called the… _____________ __________ 6

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8. 8 Why do we need Enzymes? Speed up rate of chemical reaction by __________ the ____________ energy (energy needed to start chemical reaction) _________ enzyme ____________ _______ enzyme _________ energy without enzyme __________ Energy with enzyme _____________

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11. 11 How do ENZYMES work? 1.The enzyme attaches to ___________ 2.The reactants that bind to the enzyme are known as the ___________. 3.The part of the enzyme where the substrate attaches to the enzyme is called the _________________. 4.The shape of the active site only ____ the shape of the substrate, like a _____ fits a ____. Only the correct substrate binds to the enzyme.

12. 12 Reactants/ Substrates Enzyme Lock-and-Key Mechanism- Enzymes can only bind to certain _________

13. 13 How do you speed up enzymes? 1.Add ______ of the enzyme. 2.________ up the enzyme! Don’t warm it too much or it may not work anymore

14. 14 Once the enzyme and substrate are together, the enzyme holds the substrate so the _______ can occur. Once the reaction is over, the enzyme _________ the product and the enzyme can start a _______ reaction with an identical substrate. Enzymes are ___ permanently changed or used up in reactions

15. 15 A change in the ____ of the enzyme can cause a change in the _________ of the active site, therefore changing the activity of the enzyme.

16. 16 What Affects Enzyme Activity? Three factors:Three factors: 1.______________Conditions 2.__________and _________ 3.Enzyme ____________

17. 17 1. Environmental Conditions 1. Extreme ___________are the most dangerous 1. Extreme ___________are the most dangerous - high temps _________(unfold) enzyme. - high temps may _________(unfold) the enzyme....Let's see......Let's see... 2.pH (most like _____pH near _____) 3._______ concentration (salt ions)

18. 18 2. Cofactors and Coenzymes Inorganic substances (_______, ______) _________ enzymatic ___________ Inorganic substances (_______, ______) and _________ (respectively) are sometimes needed for proper enzymatic ___________. –Example: Iron__________(a protein in red blood cells) pick up ___________. Iron must be present in the __________(a protein in red blood cells) in order for it to pick up ___________. ___________ enzyme helpers (inorganic) __________ cofactors

19. 19 Two examples of Enzyme Inhibitors a. ___________ __________: resembleenzyme’s normal _______compete _______site a. ___________ __________: are chemicals that resemble an enzyme’s normal _______and compete with it for the _______site. Enzyme Competitive inhibitor Substrate

20. 20 Inhibitors b.____________inhibitors: do not enter the _____ sitebind to _______ part enzymeenzyme ______ its _______ alters the active site Inhibitors that do not enter the _____ site, but bind to _______ part of the enzyme causing the enzyme to ______ its _______, which in turn alters the active site. Enzyme active site altered Noncompetitive Inhibitor Substrate