1. Benchmarking Techniques & Application

2. Benchmarking Used to identify standards that are critical to a company’s success Used to compare: – Actual Performance – Determination of gaps in performance – Implementation of improvements External benchmarks are typically best practice

3. External Benchmarking Productivity Measures Productivity- ratio of outputs achieved to inputs into production Objectives of Productivity Measures: – Were all inputs used needed to produce the actual output? – Was the best mix of inputs used?

4. Productivity Ratios Total Productivity Ratios (TPRs)  Reflect the value of all output relative to the value of all input. Consider all inputs and the prices of the inputs Calculation: Quantity of output produced/cost of inputs Partial Productivity Ratios (PPRs)  Reflect the value of all outputs as compared to the value of major categories of input. Concerned only with the quantity of a single output and not the price of input Calculation: Quantity of output produced/quantity of the single input used

5. How to Externally Benchmark BOMA (Building Owners and Managers Association International) IMFA (International Facility Management Association) It’s good practice to compare “apples to apples” Common Benchmarks: – Safety, Security, and Workplace Standards – Cost Per Person, Gross Square Feet Per Person

6. Internal Benchmarking Monitoring & Investigative Techniques: 1.Control Charts 2.Pareto Diagrams 3.Cause & Effect (Fishbone) Diagram

7. Internal Benchmarking 1.Control Charts a.3 Basic Components b.Common Cause, “noise” c.Special Cause, “signal”

8. Internal Benchmarking 2.Pareto Diagrams a.Use b.Interpretation

9. Internal Benchmarking 3.Cause and Effect Diagram “Fishbone Diagram” 1.Machinery 2.Method 3.Materials 4.Manpower 5.Measurements 6.Environment

10. Process Improvements & Activity-Based Management 1.Activity Based Costing a.Allocating Costs b.Identifying Necessary Activities c.Process d.Determining Driving Costs e.Companies with Multiple Products f.Pricing and Outsourcing Decisions

11. Process Improvements & Activity-Based Management 2. Activity Based Management Using ABC to determine… a. Where are Overhead Costs Allocated? b. Should we Outsource Processes? c. Should Prices Change?

12. Process Improvements & Activity-Based Management 3. Cost Identification a. Value Adding vs. Non-Value Adding Activities b.Exact Costs of Each Unit c. Cost Data by Activity

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