1. McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, All Rights Reserved McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, All Rights Reserved.

2. 14-2 Chapter 14 Working & Writing in Groups   Interpersonal   Listening   Group Interactions   Positive Roles   Negative Roles   Decision Making   Student Groups   Diverse Groups   Conflict Resolution   Effective Meeting Guidelines   Collaboration

3. 14-3 Interpersonal Communication  Communication between people  Crucial for teamwork  Includes multiple skills  Listening  Conflict resolution  Nonverbal

4. 14-4 Listening  Crucial to building trust  Harder on job than in class  Information not as organized on job  Jobs require listening to feelings as well as facts  Nods, smiles, frowns show you’re listening

5. 14-5 Active Listening  Receivers demonstrate they’ve heard /understood a speaker by feeding back the literal and/or emotional meaning,  To create active responses  Paraphrase content  Mirror speaker’s feelings  Ask for information/clarification  Offer to help solve the problem

6. 14-6 Avoid Listening Errors  Inattention—cause of listening error  To reduce errors  Paraphrase what the speaker has said  Allows speaker to correct your understanding  Check your understanding with speaker  Write down key points  Deadlines and related information  How work will be evaluated

7. 14-7 Avoid Listening Errors, continued…  To avoid misinterpretation  Don’t ignore instructions that seem unnecessary  Consider speaker’s background

8. 14-8 Five Blocking Responses  Ordering, threatening  Preaching, criticizing  Interrogating  Minimizing the problem  Advising

9. 14-9 Group Interactions: Three Dimensions  Informational—focus on content: problem, data, solutions  Procedural messages—focus on methods, processes  Interpersonal—focus on people, cooperation, group loyalty

10. 14-10 Life Stages of Group Interactions Formation Coordination Formalization

11. 14-11 Group Interactions, continued…  Formation  Begin to define task  Develop social cohesiveness  Set up and clarify procedures  Adopt ground rules  Use interpersonal communication to resolve conflict  Analyze problem well before seeking solutions

12. 14-12 Group Interactions, continued…  Coordination  Longest phase  Most comments need to deal with information  Conflict occurs as group debates alternate solutions  Interpersonal and procedural comments help group stay on track

13. 14-13 Group Interactions, continued…  Formalization  Consensus state  Group implements decisions, which determines its success  Group seeks to forget earlier conflicts

14. 14-14 Positive Roles in Groups Task Goals Coordinating Seeking information, opinions Giving information, opinions Evaluating Summarizing

15. 14-15 Positive Actions in Groups  Encouraging participation  Relieving tensions  Checking feelings  Solving interpersonal problems  Listening actively

16. 14-16 Negative Actions in Groups  Dominating  Clowning  Blocking  Withdrawing  Overspeaking

17. 14-17 Group Leadership  Effective groups balance three types of leadership:  Informational—create, assess ideas and text  Interpersonal—check feelings, resolve conflict, monitor process  Procedural—set agenda, keep members informed, check on assignments  Roles need not be filled by one person

18. 14-18 Decision-Making: Standard Agenda 1.Understand what group has to deliver  What form?  When due? 2.Identify problem 3.Gather information  Share among group members  Examine it critically

19. 14-19 Decision-Making: Standard Agenda, continued… 4.Establish criteria 5.Generate alternative solutions 6.Measure alternatives against criteria 7.Choose best solution

20. 14-20 Decision-Making: Dot Planning  Lets large group set priorities quickly 1.Group brainstorms ideas 2.Ideas recorded on large pages 3.Pages posted on wall 4.Each member affixes colored adhesive dots by ideas High Low Dots show highest and lowest priorities

21. 14-21 Attributes of Successful Student Groups  Assign specific tasks, set clear deadlines, schedule frequent meetings  Listen carefully to each other  Deal directly with conflict

22. 14-22 Attributes of Successful Student Groups  Develop inclusive decision-making style  Establish proportionate work loads  Deal directly with conflicts

23. 14-23 Peer Pressure & Groupthink  Groupthink—tendency for groups to value agreement so highly they punish dissent  Correctives to groupthink  Search for alternatives  Test assumptions  Protect rights of individuals to disagree

24. 14-24 Diverse Groups  Differences affect how people behave in group, what they expect from group  Gender  Class  Race  Ethnicity  Age   Religion   Sexual orientation   Physical ability

25. 14-25 Diverse Groups, continued…  Play to one another’s strengths  Find practical ways to deal with differences

26. 14-26 Conversational Style  Defined as talk patterns and meaning we give to them  Shown by  Interest  Politeness  Appropriateness Types of Style Features: Rate of speech Rate of turn-taking Persistence when turn missed Tolerance of simultaneous speech Speed of topic shifting

27. 14-27 Nonverbal Communication  Open body positions  Leaning forward with uncrossed arms and legs  Arms away from body  Closed (defensive) body positions  Leaning back, hands behind head  Arms and legs crossed  Hands in pockets

28. 14-28 The presenting problem may not be real problem Conflict Resolution 1.Make sure people involved actually disagree 2.Ensure that everyone has correct information 3.Discover needs each person is trying to meet 4.Search for alternatives 5.Repair negative feelings

29. 14-29 Constructive Responses to Criticism  Paraphrasing  Checking for feelings  Checking inferences  Buying time with limited agreement  Using you-attitude  Look at things from others’ viewpoint

30. 14-30 Effective Meeting Guidelines  Make purpose explicit  Distribute an agenda  Allow time for discussion  Save time with an omnibus motion  Pay attention to people and process as well as tasks

31. 14-31 Effective Meeting Guidelines, continued…  Summarize group’s consensus after each point  Summarize all decisions at end of meeting

32. 14-32 Collaborative Writing  Working with other writers to produce a single document  Requires attention to—  Group formation progress  Conflict resolution  Steps in writing process

33. 14-33 Collaborative Writing, continued…  Planning  Make analysis explicit; know where you agree and disagree  Plan organization, format, and style before anyone writes  Consider work styles and other commitments  Decide how you will give constructive feedback  Build leeway into deadlines

34. 14-34 Collaborative Writing, continued…  Composing  Carefully label and date drafts  If quality is crucial, have best writer compose after others gather data

35. 14-35 Collaborative Writing, continued…  Revising  Evaluate content, discuss revisions as group  Recognize that different people favor different writing styles  When satisfied with content, have best writer make all changes

36. 14-36 Collaborative Writing, continued…  Editing & Proofreading  One person checks mechanics, format, and style for correctness, consistency  Use a spell checker  Also proofread document

37. 14-37 Make Group Process Work  Allow ample time to discuss problems, find solutions  Get to know group members, build group loyalty  Attend all meetings; carry out your duties

38. 14-38 Make Group Process Work  Note that people have different ways of expressing themselves  Don’t assume that smooth discussion means total agreement