1. Mountain Building and Crustal Deformation

2. Economic Consequences of Geologic Structures Tracing Coal Seams, Aquifers, etc. Ore Deposits are often localized along faults and folds Petroleum Traps

3. Isostasy

4. Thickness and Density

5. Isostatic Rebound in Canada

6. Mountain Building (Orogeny) Orogeny is the variety of processes that occur during mountain-building, including: Distinctive Patterns of Deposition Deformation Metamorphism Intrusions Volcanic Activity Oceanic Trenches Seismic Activity

7. A Subduction Zone

8. Metamorphism and Orogeny

9. Why Mountains are High

10. How Fast Can Folds Form?

11. Hutton’s Unconformity, Scotland

12. Large Fold, Turkey

13. Eroded Fold, Pennsylvania

14. Fold in Glacier, Antarctica

15. Anticlines and Synclines

16. Folds, Pennsylvania

17. Which Way was Up? Sedimentary Structures are governed by: Gravity Exposure to the Surface They all have a “right way up”

18. Foliation Foliation is a sheetlike structure that forms when rocks are deformed.

19. Foliation In every case, the foliation is: In the direction of least resistance at right angles to the direction of greatest compression.

20. Axial Plane

21. Folds and Foliation

22. On a small scale (microscopic to centimeters), foliation forms On a large scale (centimeters to kilometers), rocks fold. Both foliation and the axial plane of the fold are at right angles to the direction of greatest compression.

23. Fold And Foliation

24. Growth of Minerals

25. The Importance of Minor Folds

26. Minor Folds and Foliation Are Clues to Much Larger Structures

27. How Geologists Use These Clues Here's an outcrop that might be seen in the field.

28. How Geologists Use These Clues We can mentally fill out the rest of the fold. Note that we still have no idea how big the fold is, only what kind it is.

29. Complex Folds, Scotland

31. Faults, Appalachians

32. Thrust Faults in Snow

33. Domes and Basins