1. The role of water on lithospheric strength Chester et al., 1995, A rheologic model for wet crust applied to strike-slip faults Hirth et al., 2001. An evaluation of quartzite flow laws based on comparisons between experimentally and naturally deformed rocks.

2. 1.What is the strength of the mid-lower crust?? 2. Are brittle frictional and ductile creep adequate?? 3. How does H2O and additional friction mechanisms modify our understanding of lithospheric strength?? Turns out….significantly!!!

3. A-B = steady state friction at velocity, V. >0, stable; <0, unstable Multi-mechanism frictional model experiment model

5. H2O = weak

6. strengthening weakening

7. At intermediate T and slip rates rate weakening (LS mechanism) dominates At very large, or very small T and slip rates, CF and ST mechanisms become dominant Confirms that the transition from rate weakening to rate strengthening is a function of T and slip rate ST CF LS

8. Model assumptions: 3 cm/yr slip rate 25 Mpa/km pressure gradient 20°C geotherm Atypical??? No LS!!! i.e., no rate weakening which is inconsistent with large earthquakes

9. Given a strain rate and shear zone thickness, deformation mode can be predicted. To have the LS mechanism with 10 m shear zone = need a higher strain rate.

11. Fletcher and Guetteri

12. Hirth et al., 2001 Motivation Qtz is an abundant in continents. Determine depth of seismogenic zone Crustal strength profiles have large uncertainties on differential stress that exceed 400 Mpa at 15 km depth Approach Three dislocation regimes observed in experiments also occur in nature Extrapolate experimental flow laws to naturally deformed rocks that experienced a simple tectonic history. External state variables are reasonably constrained using thermochronology, microstructure, and structural geology Results Determined reasonable values of Q and water fugacity

13. Schematic geometry of antiformal stacks

14. Regime 1: structurally lowest Dislocation climb is difficult, deformation Lamellae, undulose extinction, fine recrystallized grains Preserved along grain boundaries Regime 2: intermediate flattening, subgrains, subgrain rotation recrystallization Regime 3: structurally highest complete recrystalization, and foliation development; dislocation climb and grain boundary migration is a dominant process

15. Use field observations to constrain T, , , f h2o. So, So, what is Q?? T= between 250-330°C using Ar/Ar thermochronology of white mica [Dunlap, 1997] Differential stress = piezometry of recrystallized grains and quartz mylonites between regimes 2-3 is ~20-40  m consistent with a diff stress of 80-60Mpa Strain rate = thrusting at 1.5 km/m.y ~10 -14 - 5x10 -14 /sec using tectonic reconstructions F h2o = estimated assuming h20 present at 300°C and a pressure of 400 Mpa -> Lithostatic pressure at 15km and 20°C geotherm

16. Extrapolate experimentally derived flow laws to natural strain rates at 100 Mpa Assume: differences in studies of LP & GT is an effect of h2o fugacity Same flow law applies to LP, GT, and RGD.  LP =  GT | fh20(LP) RGD= ruby gap duplex

17. Illustrates effect of T on deformation mechanism Extrapolation of high T experiments to low T highly underestimates strength Quartz at lower T deforms by a semi brittle flow