1. Honey and the Requirements of Trade in Europe Pro/142/2005/Trade ©QSI 2005 79 Comparison to Argentinean Regulations

2. Honey and the Requirements of Trade in Europe Pro/142/2005/Trade ©QSI 2005 80 Argentine Legislation Most of the resolutions are more or less identical with the European Directives and Regulations or even more detailed.

3. Honey and the Requirements of Trade in Europe Pro/142/2005/Trade ©QSI 2005 81 Argentine Legislation The “Argentine Honey Directive” The definition for honey is the same as in the EU Quality parameters are nearly comparable The Argentinean Directive includes Hygienic specific microbiological criteria – on EU level general hygienic regulations for animal food (Horizontal legislation) exists The Argentine Directive specifies the methods (mainly Codex Alimentarius methods or AOAC methods) – the EU Directive only refers to the international used methods

4. Honey and the Requirements of Trade in Europe Pro/142/2005/Trade ©QSI 2005 82 Argentine Legislation Residues The Argentinean resolution 215/1995 is based on EC/96/23. The Annual residue control plan (CREHA) is accepted by the EU. The use of non-approved veterinary drugs is also prohibited in Argentina. However, no comparable Argentinean Legislation to EU Regulation 2377/90. The action limit in the CREHA plan is set to 30 ppb for antibiotics compared to 1-10 ppb in the EU

5. Honey and the Requirements of Trade in Europe Pro/142/2005/Trade ©QSI 2005 83 Argentine Legislation Botanical Origin of Honey In Argentina exists a resolution concerning pollen analysis and specification for monofloral honeys In Europe only publications of experts are used as guidelines However, in some cases honeys accepted in Argentine as monofloral will not be accepted in Europe since botanical or bee physiological aspects are not considered in pollenpercentage levels, e.g. Clover, Lotus, Melilotos or Citrus

6. Honey and the Requirements of Trade in Europe Pro/142/2005/Trade ©QSI 2005 84 Statistical Data relating European Trade and Monitoring

7. Honey and the Requirements of Trade in Europe Pro/142/2005/Trade ©QSI 2005 85 Actual Situation in Honey Trade in Germany and Europe In Germany a great variety of different honey sorts are offered on the market. Mixed blossom honeys as well as monofloral honeys. This is also reflected by the origin countries: Germany imports honey from 46 countries all over the world EU within the EU, Hungary and Italy are the most important supplier countries. Argentine Europe, especially Germany, is the most important export country of Argentine; on the other hand: Argentine is the most important and reliable supplier of honey in Germany This is mainly due to the consequent translation of quality standards in Argentine.

8. Honey and the Requirements of Trade in Europe Pro/142/2005/Trade ©QSI 2005 86 Perspective in honey trade In 2004, the difficulties in obtaining honey on the world market eased. A decreasing demand has led to a decrease of the price level n the international honey market. Against the background of decreasing import amounts and the increasing change rate of the US-Dollar (9,98% in 2004), already in the 1. quarter of 2005 the consumer prices in Germany could be decreased. The honey-manufacturing industry in Germany with its high quality standards takes care that only the best quality f hones is offered on the German market. The intensified efforts in the last years with respect to international standardised quality assurance measures have led to a significant increase of honey quality in many countries.

9. Honey and the Requirements of Trade in Europe Pro/142/2005/Trade ©QSI 2005 87 Honey Import Data Import to the Countries of the European Union Source: Eurostat-online, www.warenverein.de

10. Honey and the Requirements of Trade in Europe Pro/142/2005/Trade ©QSI 2005 88 Honey Import Data International Countries to Germany Source: Eurostat-online, www.warenverein.de

11. Honey and the Requirements of Trade in Europe Pro/142/2005/Trade ©QSI 2005 89 Honey Import Data European Countries to Germany Source: Eurostat-online, www.warenverein.de

12. Honey and the Requirements of Trade in Europe Pro/142/2005/Trade ©QSI 2005 90 Results of German Monitoring (2004) according to the National Monitoring Plan Animal species All SubstancesSubstances of group A Substances of group B totalpos%totalpos%totalpos% Cattle/ beef 14 922 240,2 8 08250,1 7 435 190,3 Pig/porc 21 830 230,1 9 1721 <0,1 14 605 220,2 Poultry 5 449 40,1 3 25430,1 3 635 1 <0,1 Milk 1 885 00,0 1 31300,0 1 844 00,0 Eggs 911 141,5 203 00,0 858 141,6 Honey 176 10,6 98 00,0 176 10,6 Summary based on 351 234 investigations analysed for an overall amount of 540 different compounds

13. Honey and the Requirements of Trade in Europe Pro/142/2005/Trade ©QSI 2005 91 Results of German Monitoring (2002-2004) Antibiotic Residues Animaltotalpos.in %totalpos.in%totalpos.in % 200220032004 Cattle/ beef 3 13130,12 811140,52 940120,4 Pig6 253100,165 81780,146 390160,25 Sheep184001630018010,56 Honey10521,913421,4913410,75 Milk1 279001 224001 12300 Eggs26810,373210028700

14. Honey and the Requirements of Trade in Europe Pro/142/2005/Trade ©QSI 2005 92 Controlled Residues at QSI ResidueQuantification limits mg/kg Permitted levels mg/kg Pesticides e.g. Lindan Chlordimeform DDE alpha-HCH, beta-HCH Imidacloprid 0,002 0,005 0,002/0,005 0,005 0,01 0,05 0,01 0-Tolerance Acarides Coumafos Brompropylat 4,4-Dibrombenzophenon Fluvalinat Amitraz 0,005 0,02 0,1 0,1 Germany 0,1 „no limit“, Annex III 0,2

15. Honey and the Requirements of Trade in Europe Pro/142/2005/Trade ©QSI 2005 93 Controlled Residues at QSI ResidueQuantificatio n limits mg/kg Permitted levels mg/kg Bee Repellents/Insecticide Phenol Naphthalin 1,4-Dichlorbenzol 0,05 0,005 For honey no specific legal limit general limit of 0,01 0,01 Pyrethroides: Bifenthrin, Cyfluthrin+isomers, Cypermethrin +isomers, Deltamethrin, Fenvalerat+isomers, Permethrin Lambda-Cyhalothrin 0,05 0,02 individual limits for e.g. eggs, milk

16. Honey and the Requirements of Trade in Europe Pro/142/2005/Trade ©QSI 2005 94 Controlled Residues at QSI AntibioticsQuantification limits mg/kg Permitted levels mg/kg Tetracyclines Streptomycins Sulfonamides incl. Trimethoprim 0,01 0,01-0,02 HPLC 2-5 µg/kg LC-MS 0-Tolerance 0,02 only in Germany 0-Tolerance Macrolides: Carbendazim, Clindamycin, Erythromycin, Josa- mycin, Kitasamycin, Lincomycin, Oleandromycin, Spiramycin, Tylosin 0,0020-Tolerance Nitrofurane (Metabolites): Semicarbazid, AOZ, AH, AMOZ0,0005 0-Tolerance, resp. 0,001 = MRPL Chloramphenicol: Honey Royal Jelly 0,0001 0,0003 0-Tolerance, resp. 0,0003 = MRPL

17. Honey and the Requirements of Trade in Europe Pro/142/2005/Trade ©QSI 2005 95 Controlled Substances at QSI AntibioticsDetection limits µg/kg Permitted levels µg/kg Fluroquinolone: Enrofloxacin, Saxafloxacin, Flumequin, Difloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, Enoxacin, Oxolinic acid, Danofloxacin, Sparfloxacin, Fleroxacin, Norfloxacin, Marbofloxacin 0,2-0,50-Tolerance

18. Honey and the Requirements of Trade in Europe Pro/142/2005/Trade ©QSI 2005 96 Tetracyclines in honeysamples send by German Importers declared as origin: Argentine (not verified by Pollen Analysis)

19. Honey and the Requirements of Trade in Europe Pro/142/2005/Trade ©QSI 2005 97 Streptomycins in honeysamples send by German Importeurs declared as origin: Argentine (not verified by Pollen Analysis

20. Honey and the Requirements of Trade in Europe Pro/142/2005/Trade ©QSI 2005 98 Sulfonamides in honeysamples send by German Importers declared as origin: Argentine (not verified by Pollen Analysis)

21. Honey and the Requirements of Trade in Europe Pro/142/2005/Trade ©QSI 2005 99 Nitrofuran – 4 Metabolites in honeysamples send by German Importers declared as origin: Argentine (not verified by Pollen Analysis)

22. Honey and the Requirements of Trade in Europe Pro/142/2005/Trade ©QSI 2005 100 Chloramphenicol in honeysamples send by German Importers declared as origin: Argentine (not verified by Pollen Analysis

23. Honey and the Requirements of Trade in Europe Pro/142/2005/Trade ©QSI 2005 101 Tetracyclines in honeysamples send by German Importers declared as origin: Italy (not verified by Pollen Analysis)

24. Honey and the Requirements of Trade in Europe Pro/142/2005/Trade ©QSI 2005 102 Streptomycins in honeysamples send by German Importers declared as origin: Italy (not verified by Pollen Analysis)

25. Honey and the Requirements of Trade in Europe Pro/142/2005/Trade ©QSI 2005 103 Sulfonamides in honeysamples send by German Importers declared as origin: Italy (not verified by Pollen Analysis)

26. Honey and the Requirements of Trade in Europe Pro/142/2005/Trade ©QSI 2005 104 Tetracyclines in honeysamples send by German Importers declared as origin: Turkey (not verified by Pollen Analysis))

27. Honey and the Requirements of Trade in Europe Pro/142/2005/Trade ©QSI 2005 105 Streptomycins in honeysamples send by German Importers declared as origin: Turkey (not verified by Pollen Analysis)

28. Honey and the Requirements of Trade in Europe Pro/142/2005/Trade ©QSI 2005 106 Sulfonamides in honeysamples send by German Importers declared as origin: Turkey (not verified by Pollen Analysis)

29. Honey and the Requirements of Trade in Europe Pro/142/2005/Trade ©QSI 2005 107 Monitoring by consumer organisations Example: Germany Consumer protection organisations perform comparative tests of products and services to provide independent and objective support to the consumer. Results are published in respective journals. Test results are highly accepted not only by the consumer but also in trade. Positive test results are often used in advertising Most famous in Germany are: - ‘Stiftung Warentest’ - ‘Ökotest’ (focus on organic production)

30. Honey and the Requirements of Trade in Europe Pro/142/2005/Trade ©QSI 2005 108 „Stiftung Warentest“ In Q4/2003 34 honey samples were tested : Evaluated were: Price Sensory - consistency, appearance, smell, taste Microscopic - pollen spectrum, origin findings Trade-analysis - pH-value,water, HMF, Invertase, Diastase, prolin, elec. Conductivity, free acids, glycerol, sugar spectrum, adulteration (13C), GMO-raps Residues - bee-pharmaceuticals, antibiotics, nitrofurane, bee-repellents, heavy metals Packaging Declaration

31. Honey and the Requirements of Trade in Europe Pro/142/2005/Trade ©QSI 2005 109 „Stiftung Warentest“ Results (issue 4/2004): More than 50% of the samples testes were judged as insufficient. Negative judgements are related to: –Antibiotics 4 times detected (streptomycine, teracycline) –Bee-repellents7 times detected (thymol, phenylacelaldehyde) –Sensoryforeign taste and/or smell, not typical if specific variety was declared –Pollen/not related to the declaration, e.g. not typical for Declaration acarcia, rape or forest honey,

32. Honey and the Requirements of Trade in Europe Pro/142/2005/Trade ©QSI 2005 110 „Stiftung Warentest“

33. Honey and the Requirements of Trade in Europe Pro/142/2005/Trade ©QSI 2005 111 „Öko-Test“ In Q3/2005 20 honey samples were tested : Evaluated were: Price Sensory - consistency, appearance, smell, taste Microscopic - pollen spectrum, origin findings Trade-analysis - pH-value,water, HMF, Invertase, Diastase, prolin, elec. Conductivity, free acids, glycerol, sugar spectrum, adulteration (13C), GMO-raps Residues - bee-pharmaceuticals, antibiotics, nitrofurane, bee-repellents, heavy metals Packaging- PVC/PVDC/chlorinated plastics Declaration

34. Honey and the Requirements of Trade in Europe Pro/142/2005/Trade ©QSI 2005 112 „Öko-Test“ Results (issue 10/2005): 12 Honey samples were judged as “very good” 6 samples with “good” and only 2 with “satisfying”. Nearly all honey samples were free of residues (1 time fluvalinat was detected) indicating the increased efforts relating high quality standards. In 4 samples increased values of HMF were detected which could be due to incorrect storage or heating. 4 times, the declared origin was not identical to the pollen spectrum 5 times the sensory impression was not satisfying and could not be related to the pollen spectrum

35. Honey and the Requirements of Trade in Europe Pro/142/2005/Trade ©QSI 2005 113 „Öko-Test“