1. Basal ganglia
Caudate nucleus
Lentiform nucleus
Putamen
Globus palidus
Internal
External
Claustram
Amygdaloid body
CORPUS STRIATUM

2. Basal Ganglia (traditional concept)
Corpus striatum
lenticular nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus
caudate nucleus
Amygdaloid body

3. Basal Ganglia 3 2 1 3 2 1 4

4. Basal Ganglia 2 1 1 2 3 3

5. Neostriatum or striatum Paleostriatum or pallidum
CORPOUS STRIATUM
Neostriatum or striatum
Dorsal
Caudate nucleus
putamen
Ventral
Nucleus accumbance
Paleostriatum or pallidum
Globus pallidus
Substantia nigra
inominate

6. Basal Ganglia Introduction
Traditional Concepts of Basal Ganglia
Corpus Striatum
Caudate Nucleus
Lenticular Nucleus Putamen
Globus Pallidus Paleostriatum Pallidum
Corpus Amygdaloideum Archistriatum
Neostriatum Striatum

7. Lateral surface of basal ganglia 1. Putamen 2. Tail of caudate nucleus
3. Caudatolenticular gray bridge
4. Amygdaloid body
5. thalamus

8. Basal Ganglia Connections
Input Portion
STRIATUM
(Caudate Nucleus and Putamen)
Output Portion
1. PALLIDUM (Globus Pallidus)
2. SNr (Substantia Nigra, Pars Reticulata)

9. Basal Ganglia Connections
STRIATUM
Afferents from
1. Cerebral Cortex [Corticostriatal Projection]
2. Thalamus (CM-PF complex) [Thalamostriatal Projection]
3. SNc (Substantia Nigra, pars compacta),
Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA, A10)
and A8(Retrorubral Area) [Nigrostriatal Projection]
4. Dorsal Raphe Nucleus (B6, B8) [Raphestriatal Projection]
5. Amygdaloid Nuclear Complex [Amygdalostriatal Projection]
Efferents to
1. Pallidum (GPi & GPe) [Striopallidal Projection]
2. SNr [Strionigral Projection]
3. SNc from striosome

12. An oblique section through the diencephalon and basal ganglia
An oblique section through the diencephalon and basal ganglia. Abbreviations: A8, 9, 10, dopaminergic cell groups; AL, ansa lenticularis; CL, centrolateral nucleus of thalamus; cm, centromedian nucleus of thalamus; EX, external pallidal segment; FS, fasciculus subthalamicus; H, H1, H2, subthalamic fields of Forel; ICV, internal cerebral veins in the transverse fissure; INT, internal pallidal segment; ITA, interthalamic adhesion; MFB, median forebrain bundle; SLIC, sublentiform internal capsule; 3, 3rd ventricle.

14. Connections of the striatum
Connections of the striatum. The major afferent projections to the striatum are shown on the left and major efferent projections from the striatum on the righ

15. Major interconnections of the basal ganglia.

18. Input-Output Relationship of Basal Ganglia 1. striopallidal fiber
2. strionigral fiber
3. strionigral fiber
from striosome
to SNc
4. ventrostrio-
ventro-pallidal fiber

19. Basal Ganglia Connections
PALLIDUM (Globus Pallidus)
Afferents from
1. Striatum [Striatopallidal Projection]
2. STN <GPi & GPe> [Subthalamopallidal Projection]
Efferents to
1. Thalamus (VLo, VApc, CM) <GPi> [Pallidothalamic Projection]
2. STN <GPe> [Pallidosubthalamic Projection]
SNr (Substantia Nigra, Pars Reticulata)
Afferents from Striatum [Striatonigral Projection]
1. Thalamus (VLm, VAmc, MD) [Nigrothalamic Projection]
2. Brain Stem Nucleus: Tectum (Superior Colliculus) &
Pedunculopontine Nucleus (PPN)

20. Basal Ganglia Connections
Pallidothalamic Fibers
from GPi to VLo, VApc, CM
Ansa Lenticularis
from outer (lateral) portion of GPi
fibers sweep ventromedially and rostrally around
the posterior limb of the internal capsule
enters Forel’s field H
Lenticular Fasciculus
from inner (medial) portion of GPi
perforate internal capsule
enters Forel’s field H2
Thalamic fasciculus
ansa lenticularis, lenticular fasciculus
and cerebellothalamic fibers
Forel’s field H1

21. Basal Ganglia syndromes
Hyperkinetic
Chorea
Athetosis
Ballism
Dystonia
tourrette
Hypokinetic
Parkinsonism
پارکينسون : رفت
R: Rigidity
A: Akinasia
F: Flex Posture, falling-freezing
T: Tremor

22. Basal Ganglia Functional Consideration
1. Selection of “Preprogramed (learned) motor plans”
Basal Gangla Circuit ---- Selection Mechanism
Selection Inability Akinesia and Hypokinesia
Faulty Selection Hyperkinesia
2. Generation (learning) of motor programs
Programming of several motor fragments into
complex motor routines
Cerebral Palsy Disordered motor program

23. SYDENHAM’S CHOREA Clinical Feature - Complication of Rheumatic Fever
- Fine, disorganized , and
random movements of
extremities, face and
tongue
- Accompanied by
Muscular Hypotonia
- Typical exaggeration of
associated movements
during voluntary activity
- Usually recovers
spontaneously
in 1 to 4 months
Principal Pathologic Lesion: Corpus Striatum

24. Principal Pathologic Lesion:
HUNTINGTON’S CHOREA
Clinical Feature
- Predominantly autosomal dominantly
inherited chronic fatal disease
(Gene: chromosome 4)
- Insidious onset: Usually 40-50
- Choreic movements in onset
- Frequently associated with
emotional disturbances
- Ultimately, grotesque gait and sever
dysarthria, progressive dementia
ensues.
Principal Pathologic Lesion:
Corpus Striatum (esp. caudate nucleus)
and Cerebral Cortex

25. HEMIBALLISM Clinical Feature - Usually results from CVA
(Cerebrovascular Accident)
involving subthalamic nucleus
- sudden onset
- Violent, writhing, involuntary
movements of wide excursion
confined to one half of the body
- The movements are continuous
and often exhausting but cease
during sleep
- Sometimes fatal due to exhaustion
- Could be controlled by
phenothiazines and stereotaxic
surgery
Lesion: Subthalamic Nucleus

26. Disease of mesostriatal
Parkinson’s Disease PD
Disease of mesostriatal
dopaminergic system
normal
Muhammad Ali in Alanta Olympic

27. Parkinson’s Disease - Paralysis Agitans
Substantia Nigra,
Pars Compacta (SNc)
DOPAminergic Neuron
Clinical Feature (1)
Slowness of Movement
- Difficulty in Initiation and Cessation
of Movement

28. Parkinson’s Disease Paralysis Agitans Clinical Feature (2)
Resting Tremor
Parkinsonian Posture
Rigidity-Cogwheel Rigidity