1. Solids, Liquids, and Gases States of Matter Changes of State Gas Behavior Graphing Gas Behavior Table of Contents

2. Solids, Liquids, and Gases - States of Matter Solids A fixed, closely packed arrangement of particles causes a solid to have a definite shape and volume.

3. Solids, Liquids, and Gases Solids Solids that are made up of crystals are called crystalline solids. In amorphous solids, the particles are not arranged in a regular pattern. - States of Matter

4. Solids, Liquids, and Gases Liquids Because its particles are free to move, a liquid has no definite shape. However, it does have a definite volume. - States of Matter

5. Solids, Liquids, and Gases Gases As they move, gas particles spread apart, filling all the space available. Thus, a gas has neither definite shape nor definite volume. - States of Matter

6. Solids, Liquids, and Gases Building Vocabulary A definition states the meaning of a word or phrase by telling about its most important feature or function. After you read the section, reread the paragraphs that contain definitions of Key Terms. Use all the information you have learned to write a definition of each Key Term. Key Terms:Examples: - States of Matter solidA solid has a definite shape and a definite volume. crystalline solidSolids that are made up of crystals are called crystalline solids. amorphous solidIn amorphous solids, the particles are not arranged in a regular pattern. liquidA liquid has a definite volume but no shape of its own. fluidA liquid is also called a fluid, meaning “a substance that flows.” Key Terms:Examples: surface tension viscosity gas Surface tension is the result of an inward pull among the molecules of a liquid that brings the molecules on the surface closer together. Another property of liquids is viscosity—a liquid’s resistance to flowing. Like a liquid, a gas is a fluid. Unlike a liquid, however, a gas can change volume very easily.

7. Solids, Liquids, and Gases Viscosity Click the Video button to watch a movie about viscosity. - States of Matter

8. Solids, Liquids, and Gases End of Section: States of Matter

9. Solids, Liquids, and Gases Changes Between Solid and Liquid The change in state from a solid to a liquid is called melting. - Changes of State

10. Solids, Liquids, and Gases Changes Between Solid and Liquid The change of state from liquid to solid is called freezing. - Changes of State

11. Solids, Liquids, and Gases Temperature and Changes of State A beaker of ice at – 10ºC was slowly heated to 110ºC. The changes in the temperature of the water over time were recorded. The data were plotted on the graph shown here. - Changes of State

12. Solids, Liquids, and Gases Temperature and Changes of State Temperature (ºC) on the y- axis, time (minutes) on the x- axis Reading Graphs: What two variables are plotted on the graph? - Changes of State

13. Solids, Liquids, and Gases Temperature and Changes of State The temperature is rising from 0ºC to 100ºC. Reading Graphs: What is happening to the temperature of the water during segment C of the graph? - Changes of State

14. Solids, Liquids, and Gases Temperature and Changes of State Segment B: melting point of ice; segment D: boiling point of water Interpreting Data: What does the temperature value for segment B represent? For segment D? - Changes of State

15. Solids, Liquids, and Gases Temperature and Changes of State Change from solid to liquid; change from liquid to gas Drawing Conclusions: What change of state is occurring during segment B of the graph? For segment D? - Changes of State

16. Solids, Liquids, and Gases Temperature and Changes of State Water molecules in segment E have more thermal energy because they are at a higher temperature. Inferring: In which segment, A or E, do the water molecules have more thermal energy? Explain your reasoning. - Changes of State

17. Solids, Liquids, and Gases Outlining As you read, make an outline about changes of state. Use the red headings for the main topics and the blue headings for the supporting ideas. Changes in State I.Changes Between Solid and Liquid A.Melting B.Freezing II.Changes Between Liquid and Gas A.Evaporation B.Boiling C.Boiling Point and Air Pressure D.Condensation III.Changes Between Solid and Gas - Changes of State

18. Solids, Liquids, and Gases Data Sharing Lab Click the PHSchool.com button for an activity about sharing data for the Skills Lab Melting Ice. - Changes of State

19. Solids, Liquids, and Gases End of Section: Changes of State

20. Solids, Liquids, and Gases A Change in Pressure A punctured basketball deflates as gas particles begin to escape. - Gas Behavior

21. Solids, Liquids, and Gases Using Formulas Pressure can be calculated using the formula below. Force is measured in newtons (N). If area is measured in square meters (m 2 ), pressure is expressed in pascals (Pa). Pressure = Force/Area For example, a machine exerts a force of 252 N on a piston having an area of 0.430 m 2. What is the pressure in pascals on the piston? Pressure = 252 N/0.430 m 2 = 586 Pa - Gas Behavior

22. Solids, Liquids, and Gases Using Formulas Practice Problem A trash compactor exerts a force of 5,600 N over an area of 0.342 m 2. What pressure in pascals does the compactor exert? P = 5,600 N/0.342 m 2 = 16,374 Pa - Gas Behavior

23. Solids, Liquids, and Gases Gas Laws Activity Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about gas laws. - Gas Behavior

24. Solids, Liquids, and Gases Pressure and Volume As weights are added, the gas particles occupy a smaller volume. The pressure increases. - Gas Behavior

25. Solids, Liquids, and Gases Pressure and Temperature When a gas is heated, the particles move faster and collide more often with each other and with the walls of their container. The pressure of the gas increases. - Gas Behavior

26. Solids, Liquids, and Gases Volume and Temperature Changing the temperature of a gas at constant pressure changes the volume similarly. - Gas Behavior

27. Solids, Liquids, and Gases QuestionsAnswers Asking Questions Before you read, preview the red headings. In a graphic organizer like the one below, ask a what or how question for each heading. As you read, write answers to your questions. What measurements are useful in studying gases? Volume, temperature, and pressure How are the pressure and volume of gases related? When the pressure of a gas increases at constant temperature, its volume decreases. How are the pressure and temperature of gases related? When the temperature of a gas increases at constant volume, its pressure increases. How are the volume and temperature of gases related? When the temperature of a gas increases at constant pressure, its volume increases. - Gas Behavior

28. Solids, Liquids, and Gases End of Section: Gas Behavior

29. Solids, Liquids, and Gases Making a Graph The x-axis (horizontal) and the y-axis (vertical) form the “backbone” of a graph. - Graphing Gas Behavior

30. Solids, Liquids, and Gases Temperature and Volume As the temperature of the water bath increases, the gas inside the cylinder is warmed by the water. - Graphing Gas Behavior

31. Solids, Liquids, and Gases Temperature and Volume The data from the experiment are recorded in the notebook table. - Graphing Gas Behavior

32. Solids, Liquids, and Gases Temperature and Volume The graph of Charles’s law shows that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its kelvin temperature under constant pressure. - Graphing Gas Behavior

33. Solids, Liquids, and Gases Pressure and Volume Pushing on the top of the piston decreases the volume of the gas. The pressure of the gas increases. - Graphing Gas Behavior

34. Solids, Liquids, and Gases Pressure and Volume The data from the experiment are recorded in the notebook table. - Graphing Gas Behavior

35. Solids, Liquids, and Gases Pressure and Volume The graph of Boyle’s law shows that the pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume at constant temperature. - Graphing Gas Behavior

36. Solids, Liquids, and Gases Previewing Visuals Before you read, preview Figure 23. In a graphic organizer like the one below, write questions that you have about the diagram. As you read, answer your questions. Graphing Charles’s Law Q. What is the relationship between temperature and volume? A. The volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature under constant pressure. Q. What does the dotted line show? A. The dotted line predicts how the graph would look if the gas could be cooled further. - Graphing Gas Behavior

37. Solids, Liquids, and Gases Links on Gases Click the SciLinks button for links on gases. Some sample links from SciLinks are found on the next slide! - Graphing Gas Behavior

38. Solids, Liquids, and Gases http://kids.earth.nasa.gov/archive/air_pressure/balloon.html http://www.nclark.net/GasLaws.html http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/balloon/virtual/virtual.html

39. Solids, Liquids, and Gases End of Section: Graphing Gas Behavior

40. Solids, Liquids, and Gases Graphic Organizer SolidDefinite Not definiteWater Not definiteOxygen State of MatterShape Volume Example (at room temperature) Liquid Gas Definite Not definite Diamond Solids, Liquids, and Gases

41. End of Section: Graphic Organizer