1. States of Matter
Chapter 3 Pg

2. Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Chapter 3 Section 1 Pg

3. Describing the States of Matter
Materials can be classified as _____, liquids, or gases based on whether their shapes and _______ are definite or ________

4. States of Matter SOLIDS Definite _____ Definite ______
Changing the container doesn’t change the shape or volume
Atoms are packed close together and are arranged in a _______ pattern

5. States of Matter LIQUIDS Definite ________ ___ definite shape
Takes the _____ of its container
Atoms are close together, but arrangement is more _______

6. States of Matter GASES ___ definite shape NO definite _______
Takes shape of _________
More space between atoms, ___ arranged in a regular pattern (scattered)

8. OTHER States of Matter PLASMA
At extremely ____ temperatures, such as those found on the sun or other stars, matter exists as ______.
BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE (BEC)- est. 1995
Predicted by _______
At extreme ___ temperatures (-273°C) atoms behave as though they were a single particle

9. KINETIC THEORY
Kinetic ______- the energy an object has due to its motion
Kinetic Theory of matter says that __ particles of matter are in constant ______.

10. Behavior of Gases Motion in Gases Particles in a ___ are never at ____
Atoms move in a straight line until it _______ with another atom or with a wall of the container
One atom may ____ kinetic energy while the other atom _____ kinetic energy
There are forces of attraction among the particles in ALL matter

11. Kinetic Theory of Gases
Behavior of Gases
Kinetic Theory of Gases
The constant motion of particles in a gas allows a gas to ____ a container of any shape or size.
Particles in a gas are in constant, random ______.
The motion of ___ particle is unaffected by the motion of other particles unless the particles ______.
Forces of attraction among
particles in a gas can be ______
under ordinary conditions.

12. Behavior of Liquids Particles in a liquid are more closely ______.
A liquid takes the shape of its container because particles in a liquid can ____ to new locations. The ______ of a liquid is constant because forces of attraction keep the particles _____ together.

13. Behavior of Solids
______ have a definite volume and shape because particles in a solid ______ around ____ locations.

14. The Gas Laws
Chapter 3 Section 2 Pg

15. Pressure Pressure is the result of a _____ distributed over an ____.
Pressure = Force/area
Force is measured in _______ (N)
Area is measured in square meters (m2)
Pressure is N/m2, the SI unit is ______ (Pa)
1 kPa = 1000 Pa

16. Pressure
_________ between particles of a gas and the walls of the ________ cause the pressure in a closed container of gas.
More frequent collisions = ______ pressure
Speed and mass of particles also affect pressure

17. Factors that Affect Gas Pressure
Factors that affect the pressure of an enclosed gas are its __________, its volume, and the _____ of its particles

18. Factors that Affect Gas Pressure
Temperature
_______ the temperature of a gas will ______ its pressure if the volume of the gas and the number of particles are _______.
Ex: Tires on highway- temp. rises -> kinetic energy increases-> particles move faster and collide more-> hit with greater force-> increase in pressure

19. Factors that Affect Gas Pressure
Volume
_______ the volume of a gas increases its pressure if the _______ of the gas and the number of particles are _______.
Ex: your lungs and diaphragm when you breathe

20. Factors that Affect Gas Pressure
Number of Particles
______ the number of particles will _____ the pressure of a gas if the temperature and the volume are ______.
Ex: inflating tires

21. Boyle’s Law Relationship between _______ and ______ of a gas
Boyle’s Law states that the volume of a gas is ______ proportional to its _______ if the temperature and the number of particles are _______.
P1V1 = P2V2

22. Boyle’s Law
Example: To make an air horn, 1.50 L of air at 101 kPa are compressed into a can with a volume of L. Assuming a constant temperature, what is the pressure on the compressed air?
Given: P1= 101 kPa, V1= 1.50 L, V2= L
Unknown: P2= ?
P1V1 = P2V2
P1V1
P2= V2

23. Boyle’s Law
P1V1
P2= V2
P2= (101 kPa)(1.50 L)
0.462 L
P2= ____ kPa

24. Temperatures must be expressed in ______
Charles’s Law
Charles’s Law states that the _____ of a gas is ______ proportional to its temperature in kelvins if the pressure and the number of particles of the gas are ______.
Temperatures must be expressed in ______

25. Charles’s Law
Example: The volume of a gas is 7.5 L at a temperature of 435 K. What will the volume of the gas be if the temperature is lowered to 300 K?
Given: V1= 7.5 L T1= 435 K T2= 300 K
Unknown: V2=?

26. Boyle’s Law Graph Charles’s Law Graph
See pg. 78 for example of each graph

27. Combined Gas Laws
The combined gas law describes the _________ among the temperature, volume, and pressure of a gas when the number of _______ is constant.

28. Combined Gas Laws
Example: A child has a toy balloon with a volume of 1.80 L. The temperature of the balloon when it was filled was 20°C and the pressure was 1.00 atm. If the child were to let go of the balloon and it rose into the sky where the pressure is atm and the temperature is -10°C, what would the new volume of the balloon be?
Given: V1= 1.80 L T1= = 293K P1= 1.0 atm P2= atm T2= 273+(-10)= 263K
Unknown: V2= ?

29. Combined Gas Laws
Given: V1= 1.80 L T1= = 293K P1= 1.0 atm P2= atm T2= 273+(-10)= 263K
Unknown: V2= ?
P1V1 = P2V2  (1.0atm)(1.80L) = (0.667atm)V2
T T (293K) (263K)
(1.0atm)(1.80L)(263K) = (0.667atm)(293K)V2
(0.667atm)(293K) (0.667atm)(293K)
V2= 2.42 L

30. Phase Changes
Chapter 3 Section 3 Pg

31. Characteristics of Phase Changes
A phase change is the __________ physical change that occurs when a substance changes from one _____ of matter to _______.
Melting, freezing, vaporization, condensation, sublimation, and deposition are 6 common phase changes.
___ phase changes share certain characteristics related to ______ and temperature.

33. Temperature and Phase Changes
The temperature of a substance does ___ change during a phase change.
Temperature remains _______ until phase change is complete.

34. Temperature and Phase Changes

35. Energy and Phase Change
During a phase change, energy is ________ between a substance and its surroundings.
Energy is either _______ or ________ during a phase change.

36. Energy and Phase Change
___________- during an endothermic change, the system ______ energy from its __________
Heat of Fusion- the
_______ of energy
absorbed (Fusion is
another term for
_______)

37. Energy and Phase Change
_________- during an exothermic change, the system ______ energy to its surrounding.

38. Energy and Phase Change

41. Melting and Freezing
The arrangement of molecules in water becomes ___________ as water melts and more orderly as water _______.

42. Melting and Freezing _________
When ice cubes are removed from a freezer and placed in an empty glass, heat flows from the air to the ice. As the ice gains energy, the molecules ______ more quickly.

43. Melting and Freezing Freezing
When liquid water is placed in a freezer, _____ flows from the water to the air in the freezer, and the water cools down. As the average ______ energy of its molecules decreases, they move more ______.

44. Vaporization and Condensation
The phase change in which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas is __________.
This amount of energy is the heat of vaporization; ___________
Evaporation takes place at the ______ of a liquid and occurs at temperatures _____ the boiling point.

45. Vaporization and Condensation
Evaporation is the process that changes a substance from a _____ to a ___ at temperatures below the substance’s boiling point.
The greater the surface area of the container, the _____ the water evaporates.
Vapor pressure the pressure caused by the __________ of vapor and the walls of the container

46. Vaporization and Condensation
Boiling
As you heat a pot of water, both the temperature and the vapor pressure of the water _______. When the vapor pressure becomes ______ to atmospheric pressure, the water boils.
Boiling point of a substance depends on the __________ pressure
BP of water in Denver is 95°C

47. Vaporization and Condensation
Condensation is the phase change in which a substance changes from a ___ or vapor to a _____
Condensation is
an __________
process

48. Sublimation and Deposition
Sublimation is the phase change in which a substance changes from a ____ to a ___ or vapor _______ changing to a liquid first.
Sublimation is an ___________ change

49. Sublimation and Deposition
Deposition when a ___ or vapor changes directly into a _____ without first changing to a liquid
Deposition is an ___________ phase change