1. Producers

2. Examples of plants

3. Why are plants producers? Because only plants can combine light energy from the sun with raw materials from the environment e.g. water, air to make food molecules. Food has chemical potential energy and herbivores...etc are able to break food down and take in energy

4. Plants are Food factories Plants undergo photosynthesis, (making food using light). Photo = light; synthesis = making. Note: 1.Oxygen is used for respiration 2.Carbon dioxide is used for photosynthesis 3.It only occurs during the day when light is available.

5. Plants All organisms need food to survive, food provides e_______. Plants are multicellular organisms. They contain a green substance called Chlorophyll and can make food called Carbohydrates – sugar and starch.

6. Parts of plants Roots; root hairs Stem; Xylem and phloem Petiole Leaf; Stomata, cuticle Seed Flowers

7. Picture of a plant

8. How does photosynthesis work? 1.The process occurs inside the leaves. 2.Water, Carbon dioxide gas and sunlight rays are needed for photosynthesis to occur. 3.Glucose sugar, oxygen gas are the products. Photosynthesis equation: photosynthesis CO 2 + H 2 O + Sunlight  Glucose sugar + O 2

9. The rate of photosynthesis Depends on the abundance of reactants. For example: light intensity, CO 2 and water concentration,. However all reactions are faster in warmer rather than colder conditions. We can scientifically measure the rate by measuring the growth in size of plants or by the production of oxygen.

10. Quiz 1.Why are plants food factories?(1m) 2.Name all substances needed for plants to produce food and all the products? (6m) 3.At day time, what gas(es) do plants produce? Through what process(es)? (2m) 4.At night time what gas(es) do plants produce? Through what process(es)? (2m) 5.What is the green substances in the leaves ? (1m) 6.What does Synthesis mean? (1m) 7.What tube does plants use to transport food? (1m)

11. Cross section of a leaf

12. Stomata pores allow gas exchange and control water loss.

13. Structure and Functions of leaves Cuticles: A waxy layer which helps to reduce water loss. Upper epidermis: outer cell layer Spongy cells: contain fewer chloroplasts because light is weaker, cells are well spaced out allowing gases to circulate. Guard cells: control the size of the stomata pores which let gases in or out. Lower epidermis: bottom cell layer. Veins: have xylem tubes ( water from roots to the whole plant) and phloem tubes ( food from leaves to the whole plant) Palisade layer cells: have lots of chlorophyll for photosynthesis.

14. Adaptations of plants Plants need the following things to survive: 1.minerals 2.water 3.sunlight 4.warmth 5. air They develop special features to survive in different environments:

15. 3 types of adaptations: 1.Structural adaptation: visible features; e.g. thin needle like leaves. 2. Functional(physiological) adaptation: Life processes, e.g. photosynthesis, respiration. 3. Behavioural adaptation: Behaviours that plants exhibits, e.g. plants growing towards light.

16. Structural adaptations of leaves: External adaptation 1.Wide blade: captures maximum sunlight. 2.Thin leaf: allows maximum light penetration 3.Vein network: supports leaf, transport water and sugar and minerals 4.Green colour: Chlorophyll to trap sunlight. 5.Pores in leaf: allow gas movement through the leaf 6.Waxy surface: prevent excessive water loss 7.Strong petiole: holds leaf up to sunlight

17. Internal adaptations: 1.Epidermis layer cells: Protect the leaf and reduce water loss by making the waxy surface. 2.Palisade layer cells: Contain lots of chlorophyll 3.Spongy layer cells: Well spaced to maximize light and gas absorption 4.Veins: Bring water from the roots and phloem tubes, carry sugars around. 5.Guard cells: Control the size of the stomata pores.

18. Transpiration Loss of water from the leaves of a plant by evaporation. Water first enters plants through the roots (root hairs). Water is absorbed into the root by osmosis. Water travels up the plant to the leaves through (small microscopic/ capillary tubes) by capillary action. Eventually water reaches the stomata then escape through evaporation. Xylem experience a loss in pressure, so water is sucked up the xylem through suction pressure.

19. Transpiration increases when: 1.The leaf stomata are open 2.The air is dry 3.It is warm 4.It is windy 5.The leaves have a large surface area

20. Osmosis Osmosis is the process by which water is absorbed into roots. The root hair’s surface is a semi permeable membrane. Water always moves from a higher concentration to a lower concentration. The larger the concentration difference, the faster the movement (diffusion) of water. E.g. A dry towel absorbs water faster then a wet towel. Water is diffused into the root from the soil if the water concentration is higher/lower in the soil.

21. Absorption of water by plants A plant’s root system maximizes water uptake in 2 ways: 1.Taproot: grows downwards to access water deep in the ground. 2.Lateral roots: sideway roots which access water closer to the surface.

22. Plant classification Angiosperm Flower bearing plants Gymnosperm Cone bearing plants

23. Angiosperms, flowering plants, are divided into two groups: monocots Dicots dicots.dicots

24. Plant reproduction Plants can reproduce asexually or sexually. Asexual reproduction as runners (strawberries) or side branches (busy lizzy). as potatoes, storage organs develop underground which grow into new plants. This is called vegetative propagation and examples include tubers, bulbs and rhizomes. cuttings or grafts, which can grow into a new plant.

25. Sexual reproduction Plants can also reproduce by sexual reproduction. The offspring have the genes from two parents - their genes are different, so the offspring will not be identical. There is variety in the species.

26. Flower parts Petals- attracts insects Stamen- male sex organ Anther – produce pollen grains Filaments- rises the anther Carpel – female sex organ Sepal – protects the flower when it is a bud

27. Flower