1. WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE An Introduction to the Playwright and his Play, Julius Caesar

2. Biographical Information Born: Stratford-Upon-Avon, England, April 23, 1564 Born: Stratford-Upon-Avon, England, April 23, 1564 Parents, John and Mary (Arden) Married Anne Hathaway, November 1582 Three children: Susanna, Hamnet, and Judith Shakespeare’s Birthplace

3. The Bard Sometime in the 1580's William Shakespeare left his family to pursue a career as a playwright, poet, and actor in London. His success was immense. Shakespeare is known to have written 154 sonnets and 37 plays. In fact, so prolific was Shakespeare as a writer of sonnets, that a sonnet form has been named for him. The Shakespearean sonnet is 14 lines long with a rhyme scheme: abab, cdcd, efef,gg. Playwright, Poet, Actor

4. Shakespeare’s Theatre “The Globe Theater, also known as the Shakespeare Globe Theatre, was not only one of most famous playhouses of all time, but the play house where Shakespeare performed many of his greatest plays. Built from oak, deal, and stolen playhouse frames, the 3-story, 3000 capacity Globe Theatre, co-owned by William Shakespeare has become almost as famous as the playwright himself” (Absolute Shakespeare).

5. The Stage In Shakespeare’s Time A show lasted about 2 ½ hours, usually in open air theatres during the afternoon. There were no acts, but frequent intermissions. There was no scenery, but elaborate props and costumes to give reality. Devices such as trap doors and scaffolds were used to make gods, witches, etc. disappear.

6. The Stage In Shakespeare’s Time (continued) There were no actresses. All parts were played by men or boys. There were no programs. The closeness of stage to the audience led to use of "asides" and "soliloquies“. In front of stage was a big open area where the "penny-public" stood to watch as they could not afford seats.

7. Points of Shakespeare's Style: Use of metaphors– comparing something in terms of something else, i.e. "That lowliness is young ambition’s ladder". Use of soliloquies– usually longer speeches given by characters when alone on stage– e.g. a person talking to himself out loud. Use of asides– when a character says something to the audience, but the other characters on stage cannot hear it, e.g. like muttering to himself.

8. Points of Shakespeare’s Style: (continued) Use of sonnets– a very rigid poetic style of writing. Fourteen lines consisting of three sets of four line quatrains and a two line rhyming couplet at the end. Rhyme scheme: ABAB CDCD EFEF GG, e.g. Use of puns– humorous plays on words indicating different meanings. i.e. the Cobbler says, "A trade, sir, that I hope I may use with a safe conscience, which is indeed a mender of bad soles.” A cobbler is a mender of shoes or a bungler.

9. Points of Shakespeare’s Style: (continued) Use of blank verse - unrhymed lines of iambic pentameter Use of blank verse - unrhymed lines of iambic pentameter Use of iambic pentameter - most lines contain five unstressed syllables each followed by a stressed syllable. Use of iambic pentameter - most lines contain five unstressed syllables each followed by a stressed syllable. da DUM da DUM da DUM da DUM da DUM da DUM da DUM da DUM da DUM da DUM Example: Shakespeare’s “Sonnet 18” Example: Shakespeare’s “Sonnet 18”

10. Julius Caesar - Tragedy Tragedy-a work in which a series of actions leads to the downfall of the main character, or tragic hero. Tragedy-a work in which a series of actions leads to the downfall of the main character, or tragic hero. Qualities of a tragic hero: Qualities of a tragic hero: Possesses importance or high rank Possesses importance or high rank Has extraordinary talents Has extraordinary talents Exhibits a tragic flaw (in error in judgment or defect in character) Exhibits a tragic flaw (in error in judgment or defect in character) Faces downfall with dignity Faces downfall with dignity

11. Background Information on Julius Caesar Political intrigue, betrayal, and war converge in the drama. Rome: A Republic Rome: A Republic Was on the verge of becoming an empire Was on the verge of becoming an empire Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey the Great make up the “first triumvirate” – a group of three men who rule Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey the Great make up the “first triumvirate” – a group of three men who rule

12. Julius Caesar Background Info Cont’d Crassus dies and civil war breaks out between Caesar and Pompey Caesar defeats Pompey (who flees to Egypt and is eventually murdered) Caesar gains power Roman Senators are upset- They were supporters of Pompey And the play begins…

13. Historical Background Early Rome Rome was established in 753 B.C. For 200 years ruled by Tarquin kings who were tyrants The Tarquins were overthrown by Lucius Junius Brutus in 510 B.C. – an ancestor of Brutus in the play. A democratic republic was then established which lasted until the death of Julius Caesar. The Romans were very proud of their democratic system and were repulsed by the thought of being ruled by a king.

14. Historical Background Julius Caesar Gaius Julius Caesar was born in 100 B.C. He gained power and wealth due to a series of successful campaigns in which he conquered what is now Britain, France, much of central and eastern Europe, and parts of North Africa. The quote, “veni, vidi, vici” is aptly credited to Julius Caesar. (I came, I saw, I conquered.

15. What Did Caesar Do for Rome? He built roads. He developed irrigation systems. He financed public parks and buildings. He even made changes to the calendar. Indeed, he was well liked and very powerful.

16. What Got Caesar into Trouble? It appears he was much more interested in things other than military conquest. After a series of civil wars that lasted until 48 B.C., Caesar declared himself Rome’s dictator for life. Many people believed that Caesar wanted more than just power; he wanted a powerful title.

17. What Got Caesar into Trouble? (Continued) Many Romans assumed that Caesar was ready to declare himself King of Rome and eliminate the five hundred year old republic of which the Romans were so proud. Remember the Tarquins, the tyrant kings who ruled over Rome for 243 years? There was no way Romans were going to return to that style of government. Someone had to put a stop to this pursuit of absolute power, and so enter the conspirators....Beware the Ides of March!

18. Play Versus The History Therefore, there is much historically accurate information, but a story to entertain the audience must also unfold. Yes! There is much to learn from the works of William Shakespeare. As we study this play, remember Shakespeare wished not only to inform his audience about the history of Julius Caesar but also to entertain them.

19. Works Cited “Absolute Shakespeare”. Online. Internet. May 9, 2005. Available: http:www.absoluteshakespeare.com “Converse: The Literature Web Site”. Online. Internet. May 9, 2005. Available: http://aspirations.english.cam.ac.uk/converse/about/sitemap.acds Goldberg, Neil Dr. “Rome Project: Maps of the Roman Empire”, Online. Internet. May 9, 2005. Available: http://intranet.dalton.org/groups/Rome/RMap.html “Julius Caesar: The Last Dictator”, Online. Internet. May 9, 2005. Available: http://heraklia.fws1.com/ “Roman Empire Map”, Online. Internet. May 9, 2005. Available: http://heraklia.fws1.com/ Roy, Ken, ed. Julius Caesar. Toronto: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1987. Saliani, Dom, Chris Ferguson, and Dr. Tim Scott, eds. Introducing Shakespeare. Toronto: International Thomson Publishing, 1997. “Shakespeare’s Birthplace”. Online. Internet. May 9, 2005. Available: http://www.stratford.co.uk/prop1.asp “Shakespeare Online”. Online. Internet. May 9, 2005. Available: http://www.shakespeare-online.com