1. Early Civilizations in Africa

2. ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. The Continent of Africa

3. The Sahara and Its Environs 8000 - 4000 B.C.E. a warm, humid climate that created lakes, ponds, grasslands, and game Desiccation began in 6th and 5th millennium B.C.E. 3000 B.C.E.- farming spread to the savannas to the south; Berbers were intermediaries Carthage became focal point of trans- Saharan trade Ironworking by the people along the Niger River in the middle of the first millennium B.C.E., Nok culture

4. The Emergence of Civilization Africa: Issues & Controversies in the Study Kush Agriculture may have first appeared in Nubia rather than the lower Nile valley Nubia became an Egyptian tributary Independent state of Kush Major trading state Little known about the society of Kush Widespread material prosperity

5. ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. Ancient Africa

6. Kushite Ruins

7. ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. Ancient Ethiopia and Nubia

8. Axum Conquered Kush in first millennium C.E. Axum founded as a colony of the kingdom of Saba (Sheba) in first millennium B.C.E. Importance of trade Followed Egyptian Christianity (Coptic) Would be renamed Ethiopia Called the “hermit kingdom” by Europeans

10. East and Southern Africa Bantu language group Introduced cultivation of crops and ironworking The Bantu settled into rural communities Commercial trade Egyptians may have arrived looking for trade goods Rhapta a commercial metropolis Trade across the Indian Ocean Khoisan language group

11. The Coming of Islam African Religious Beliefs before Islam Common beliefs Single creator god –Sometimes accompanied by a pantheon of lesser gods Most believed in an afterlife Importance of ancestors and lineage Rituals very important Challenge by Islam but not always replaced; synthesized

12. The Coming of Islam (cont.’d) North Africa Arab forces seized the Nile delta of Egypt in 641 Arabs welcome due to high taxes and periodic persecution of Coptic Christians by Byzantines Berbers resisted for many years The Kingdom of Ethiopia: A Christian Island in a Muslim Sea Axum began to decline Shift in trade routes and overexploited agriculture Muslim trading states on the African coast of the Red Sea transforming Axum into an isolated agricultural society Source of ivory, resins, and slaves

13. East Africa: The Land of Zanj Self-governing city- states Trade with the interior Trade with the Indian Ocean, China, and along the coast Mixed African-Arab culture Mixed culture and language called Swahili Conversion to Islam grows

14. ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. The Emergence of States in Africa

15. The States of West Africa Expansion of Islam has impact on political system Introduction of Arabic for a writing system Ghana Mali Ruinous wars by the twelfth century in Ghana Timbuktu Sundiata Mansa Musa Songhai Sunni Ali Askia Muhammad

18. ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. Trans-Saharan Trade Routes

19. African Society Urban life Village Life Role of women Slavery