1. Several important evolutionary adaptations (or conditions) occurred that helped to make the invasion of land by plants permanent. Which of the following is NOT one of those changes?
Evolution of a water‑impermeable cuticle.
Evolution of a chlorophyll as a pigment for photosynthesis.
Evolution of protective layers for the gamete‑bearing structures.
Initial absence of herbivores.
Development of tracheids.

2. Figure 30.2. Variations on gametophyte/sporophyte relationships

3. Figure 30.3 From ovule to seed

4. Winged seed of a White Pine (Pinus strobus)

5. Chapter 30. Plant Diversity II
The evolution of seed plants

6. 30.1. A seed consists of the embryo, its food supply and a protective coating.

7. Chapter 30
Key Concepts
Seeds and pollen grains are key adaptations for life on land
Gymnosperms bear naked seeds, typically on cones
Flowers and fruit are adaptations of angiosperms
Human welfare (including healthcare) depends greatly on seed plants
epiphytes

8. Heliconia
“Hotlips”

10. Figure 29.7 Some highlights of plant evolution

11. Match the derived characters listed below with the correct branch point in the diagram
Flowers
Embryos
Seeds
Vascular tissue

12. Hypothetical phylogeny of the seed plants

13. Winged seed of a White Pine (Pinus strobus)

14. Pollen grains (male gametophyte enclosed within a pollen wall)

15. 30.5
Gymnosperm diversity
(see also p. 622)
(Naked seeds - lack ovaries where eggs develop)

16. Phylum Ginkgophyta: Ginkgo biloba [maidenhair tree]

17. 30.5 Phylum Ginkgophyta: Ginkgo biloba

18. Ginkgo: Male (left, pollen), female (right, seeds)

19. Hypothetical phylogeny of the seed plants

20. 30.6 Phylum Cycadophyta: cycads (“sago palms”)

21. 30.7 Phylum Gnetophyta: Welwitschia

22. Gnetophyta: Ephedra sp.
(arid regions)
Ephedrine used medicinally as decongestant, stimulant or appetite suppressant.
(Chemically almost identical to amphetamine and methamphetamine)

23. Hypothetical phylogeny of the seed plants

24. 30.5
Gymnosperm diversity
(see also p. 623)

25. Phylum Coniferophyta: Douglas fir

26. Phylum Coniferophyta: Sequoia

27. Phylum Coniferophyta:
Cypress swamps

28. Phylum Coniferophyta: ‘Lone Cypress’, Monterey California

29. Phylum Coniferophyta: Pacific yew

30. Phylum Coniferophyta: A pine farm

31. Bristlecone Pine (some of the oldest living organisms)

32. Pinus: pollen cones
Fir: Ovulate cones

33. Figure 30.6 The life cycle of a pine

34. Figure 30.6 The life cycle of a pine

35. Figure 29.5 Alternation of generations: a generalized scheme

36. Figure 30.6 The life cycle of a pine

37. Pine Sporangium with spores

38. Pine pollen

39. Pine embryo

40. Gymnosperms and angiosperms have the following in common, except
Seeds
Pollen
Vascular tissue
Ovaries
Ovules

41. Figure 29.7 Some highlights of plant evolution

42. Figure 30.13 Representatives of major angiosperm clades (Anthophyta)
Monocots – (Eu)dicots

43. Figure 30.13 A comparison of monocots and Eudicots

44. Xylem cells in angiosperms (see also 35.10)

45. 30.7 The structure of a flower
Perfect flowers: Both male and female parts
(as opposed to imperfect flowers)
Mono-ecious: Both male and female flowers occur on the same plant
(as opposed to di-ecious plants with truly female and male plants)

46. Relationship between a pea flower and a fruit (pea pod)

47. 30.8. Some variations in fruit structure

48. Figure Fruit adaptations (shape, color, smell, time of flowering, etc.) that enhance seed dispersal: red berries (left), dandelion (right)

49. Dandelion seed dispersal

50. A bird eating berries containing seeds that will be dispersed later with the animal's feces
30.9.

51. 30.14, Flower-pollinator relationships: Scottish broom flower and honeybee (left), hummingbird (middle), baobab tree and bat (right)

52. 30.10 The life cycle of an angiosperm

53. Flowering plants - Double fertilization

54. Why protect this diversity?
Human welfare depends greatly on plants!

55. Table 30. 1 A sampling of medicines derived from plants. In the U. S
Table 30.1 A sampling of medicines derived from plants. In the U.S., some 25% of prescription drugs contain active ingredients extracted directly from plants. Other ingredients were first discovered in plants and then synthesized artificially

56. The rosy periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus): a plant that saves lives

57. Pacific yew (Coniferophyta) – Taxol (ovarian cancer drug)

58. Eucalyptus – Menthol (ingredient in cough medicine)

59. Poppy (Papaver somniferum) - opiates
Morphine , codine (pain relievers), heroin (synthesized from morphine)

60. Deforestation is an international practice

61. Deforestation

62. Deforestation of tropical forests

63. Deforestation in the United States

64. Fragmentation of a forest ecosystem

65. Chapter 30 Review
Seeds and pollen grains are key adaptations for life on land
Gymnosperms bear naked seeds, typically on cones
Flowers and fruit are adaptations of angiosperms
Human welfare (including healthcare) depends greatly on seed plants

66. One of the major functions of double fertilization in angiosperms (flowering plants) is to
emphasize embryonic survival by increasing embryo size.
increase the number of fertilization events and offspring produced.
promote diversity in flower shape and color.
decrease the potential for mutation by insulating the embryo with other cells.
coordinate developmental timing between the embryo and its food stores.