2. Environmental Science Agriscience Applications

3. Forestry Competency –Analyze the conservation practices for utilizing forest, wildlife, fisheries and environmental resources

4. Forest Management 1/3 of the United States is covered by forest land

5. Trees –Woody perennial plants –Single stem Shrubs –Bushy –Multiple stems

6. Trees Softwood –Needle type –Evergreens Coniferous Hardwoods –Broad-leaf –Looses leaves every year Deciduous

7. Coniferous

8. Deciduous

9. Trees Softwoods –Southern Pine –Douglas fir –Frazier fir

10. Douglas fir

11. Trees Southern Pine Loblolly pine Longleaf pine Shortleaf pine Slash pine –Most common for pulpwood or plywood

12. Plywood

13. Loblolly pine

14. Trees Douglas fir –Most important species of tree in the US –Used for construction lumber and plywood –20% of the timber harvested each year in the US

15. Trees Frazier fir –Used for commercial Christmas tree production –Grown in the mountain of North Carolina

16. Hardwoods –Ash –Birch –Oak (white and red)

17. Trees Ash –Handles and baseball bats –High resistance to shock Birch –Furniture, plywood and paneling –Verneer thin sheet of wood glued to a cheaper species of wood

18. White Ash

19. River Birch

20. Trees Oak –White and Red –Very strong Flooring Furniture Fencing

21. Forest Management Replacing Trees that have been harvested –“Natural seeding” lease expensive way to replace forest –Planting trees is a surer method

22. Forest Management Managing growing timber –Prescribed burn Reduce the risk of wildfires Reduce litter –Prescribed thinning remove competing trees

23. Forest Management Harvesting Timber –Selection cutting Recommended in a mixed forest consisting of trees of different ages and size Reduces erosion –Clear Cutting All trees are removed Can cause erosion problems

24. Forestry Equipment Increment borer –Age of trees Planting Bar Tree scale stick –Estimate tree volume Tree tape –Most accurate in determining circumference

25. Estimating Saw Timber Volume DBH –diameter breast height –measure at 4.5 feet –25 inches from the dominant eye Tree Height –measured at 66 feet one chain –determine the number of 16’ logs

26. Diameter Breast Height (DBH)

28. Tree Height

29. Calculating Board Feet Measurement of volume Formula # pieces X t (inches) X w (inches) X l (feet) 12 bf=

30. 5 X 2” X 4” X 8’ 12 bf= Calculating Board Feet Problem: –calculate board feet if you have 5 pieces of lumber that are 2 inches thick, 4 inches wide, and all are 8 feet long

31. Calculating Board Feet Answer: 5 X 2” X 4” X 8’ 12 bf= bf= 26.6

32. Forestry Careers Foresters –Assistance in managing forest Recommend harvesting methods Recommend seeding methods Monitor disease and insects –Average yearly salary in North Carolina $41,184 Source: Bridges Career Explorer

33. Forestry Careers Timber cruiser –Estimate timber volume Outdoor work requiring physical stamina High School diploma Training in estimating tree volume

34. Wildlife Management

35. Objective –Interpret wildlife management practices as related to good environmental management

36. Wildlife Management Usually a by-product of the family operation Sustainable habitat and food are essential in increasing the number of wildlife on a farm –Leaving brush piles when harvesting –Leave crop residue standing

37. Crop Residue

38. Wildlife Management Hunting and fishing as proper management –Remove excess wildlife –Prevents: Overpopulation Malnutrition Disease Overall decreases in population

39. Wildlife Management Carrying Capacity –Number of wildlife that can be supported throughout the year Hunting and fishing help maintain carrying capacity –Results of overpopulation Water quality of a stream with a carrying capacity of 20 fish will decrease if 50 fish are in the stream

40. Deer Overpopulation Browse Line in Texas

41. Assignment View the protection of Wildlife DVD Prepare for a quiz

42. Quiz 1.What are the four essential elements of a Habitat? 2.What is the main purpose of predators 3.What Act of congress is designed to protect animal populations

43. Careers in Wildlife Ecologist Game Warden Wildlife Biologist

44. Careers in Wildlife Ecologist –Studies the effect of the environment on animal life Wildlife Biologist –Advises the establishment of fish/game laws –Explores habitat improvement programs

45. Careers in Wildlife Game Warden –Enforces hunting and fishing regulations –Government employee under the Wildlife Commission Controls the harvesting of wildlife –Should enjoy working outdoors

46. Aquatics The management of aquatic environments to increase the harvest of usable plants and animal products

47. Aquatics Cage Cultures –Production system –Aquatic animals and plants are contained in a small area Easier to monitor Better growth rates Limited movement which could cause stress

48. Aquatics Recirculating Tanks –Production method –Processes water through a biological filter

49. Recirculating Tanks

50. Aquatics Roll Over –A ponds water quality suddenly changes –Less oxygenated water is brought to the surface and low levels of dissolved oxygen cause fish to die Difficulty in managing an aquaculture system is related to the amount of fish in the system

51. Aquatics Fish adapted to aquaculture systems: –Trout (cold running water) –Catfish –Bass –Tilapia

52. Trout

53. Catfish

54. Largemouth Bass

55. Tilapia

56. Soil and Water

57. Soil & Water Objective –Investigate water and its properties as it relates to the production of food and fiber

58. Water Properties Universal Solvent –It dissolves or changes more other materials than anything else- Water Cycle (Hydrologic Cycle) –The cycling of water between water sources, atmosphere, and surface water

59. Assignment Using a clean sheet of paper and colored markers, draw the water cycle. Use all the components necessary to complete the cycle.

61. Types of Water Capillary –Water that can be adsorbed by plant roots Free Water –Gravitational –Water that drains out of soil after it has been wetted

62. Water Permeability –The rate of movement of air and water through the soil Saturation –Water is added until all the pores are filled Two or three inches of rain in a few hours

63. Soils

64. Soil Objective –Evaluate soil as related to the production of food and fiber

65. Soil Soil profile –A HorizonTopsoil –B HorizonSubsoil –C Horizon Parent material

66. Soil Profile

67. Soil Texture Refers to the size of soil particles Sand – largest soil particle in soil –Sandy soils have problems holding enough water for good plant growth. –Individual particles can be seen with naked eye

68. Soil Texture Silt – Intermediate size soil particles but can’t be seen with naked eye. Clay – smallest soil particle – clayey soils hold lots of water but may be airtight, infertile for root growth, and associated with wet soils.

69. Soil Structure The way soil particles cling together to form soil units or aggregates, while leaving pore space to store air, water, nutrients, and allow root penetration

70. Soil Structure Single –grain is associated with sandy soils Granular –particles cling together to form rounded aggregates – very desirable for all soil uses Blocky –particles cling together in angular aggregates – typical of soils with high clay content

71. Blocky Structure

72. Granular

73. Structure

74. Soil Classification Land capability class –Based on physical, chemical and topographical Class I & II- Intensive cultivation Class VII- Steeply sloping (trees) Class VIII- Wildlife and recreation

75. Soil Conservation Erosion –Sheet –Gully

76. Sheet Erosion

77. Gully Erosion

79. Soil Conservation Conventional –Disturbs soil by plowing Conservation –Intermediate (Conventional and no-till)

80. Soil Enhancement Use fertilizer to add nutrients Use lime to raise pH –Increases the availability of nutrients

81. Soil Enhancement

82. Careers in Soil & Water Management Four Year Degree –Soil scientist –Soil conservationist Implements best use practices –Wildlife biologist

83. Careers in Soil & Water Management Two year degree or less –Soil technician Obtains soil samples –Wildlife technician Tags wildlife and gathers information