1. Organic Chemistry Functional groups

2. 24.4 Functional Group Chemistry Alcohols contain the hydroxyl functional group and have the general formula R-OH. Sterols, ethylene glycol

3. C 6 H 12 O 6 (aq) 2CH 3 CH 2 OH (aq) + 2CO 2 (g) enzyme CH 2 CH 2 (g) + H 2 O (g) CH 3 CH 2 OH (g) H 2 SO 4 Biological production of ethanol Commercial production of ethanol DRINKABLE vs. DENATURED Alcohol

4. 24.4 Functional Group Chemistry Ethers have the general formula R-O-R’. CH 3 OH + HOCH 3 CH 3 OCH 3 + H 2 O H 2 SO 4 catalyst Condensation Reaction

5. 24.4 Functional Group Chemistry Aldehydes and ketones contain the carbonyl ( ) functional group. O C R C H O aldehydes have the general formulaR C R’ O ketones have the general formulaH C H O H C O CH 3 C O H3CH3C formaldehydeacetaldehydeacetone

6. 24.4 Functional Group Chemistry Carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl ( -COOH ) functional group. VINEGAR, ASPIRIN, ANTS, CITRUS FRUITS, PROTEINS, PRESERVATIVES

7. 24.4 Functional Group Chemistry Esters have the general formula R’COOR, where R is a hydrocarbon group. CH 3 COOH + HOCH 2 CH 3 CH 3 C O CH 2 CH 3 + H 2 O O ethyl acetate Banana: isopentyl acetate Pineapple: ethyl butanoate Apple: methyl butanoate Pear: propyl ethanoate Orange: Octyl ethanoate Raspberry: 2-Methylpropyl ethanoate Oil of Wintergreen: methyl salycilate

8. HOW TO MIMIC NATURE: Making synthetic flavoring A good cherry is supposed to be tough to formulate. Here is an example of a *minimum* synthetic cherry flavoring: ethyl methyl p-tolyl glycidate 16.0 % iso-amyl acetate 12.0 % iso-butyl acetate 12.0 % p-methyl benzyl acetate 11.0 % benzaldehyde 8.0 % vanillin 7.0 % benzyl alkcohol 5.5 % piperonal 5.0 % ethyl caprate 4.0 % cinnamic aldehyde dimethyl acetal 3.0 % p-tolyl aldehyde 3.0 % cinnamyl anthranilate 3.0 % ethyl caproate 2.0 % geranyl butyrate 2.0 % terpenyl butyrate 0.5 %

9. Functional Group Chemistry Amines are organic bases with the general formula R 3 N. CH 3 NH 2 + H 2 O RNH 3 + + OH - Urea Phenylpropanolamine (Meth)amphetamine Caffeine

10. 24.4

11. Blue jeans Indigo: an ancient dye, herbal remedy, poison Indigofera Tyrian purple – 6,6’-dibromoindigo

12. The sweet life saccharin aspartame sucralose

13. Drugs aspirin cocaine

14. POLYMERS Poly: Many Meros: Parts Made up of repeating monomers Copolymer is a polymer made up of two or more monomers Common biopolymers: Proteins, DNA, RNA, starch, cellulose ( CH CH 2 CH 2 CH CH CH 2 ) n

15. PET: Polyethylene terephthalate –Plastic bottles Polytetrafluoroethylene –Teflon™ Polypropylene Polystyrene Polyvinyl chloride Nylon (synthetic polyamide, similar to bonds in proteins) http://www.nationalgeographic.com/education/plastics/index.html

16. The stuff of life DNA

17. The stuff of life Proteins