1. T HE E LECTROMAGNETI C S PECTRUM AND P HOTOELECTRIC E FFECT

2. T HE E LECTROMAGNETIC S PECTRUM Quantum theory is based on how electrons interact with electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic waves are always present. Some are completely safe and some are dangerous. Light Radio Microwave Gamma

3. T HE EM S PECTRUM

4. R ADIO W AVES Longest wavelength, lowest frequency. Information is carried by changing a property of the wave. AM means Amplitude modulation FM means frequency modulation Energy of one photon of a radio wave cannot remove electrons, so they are not considered to be dangerous.

5. M ICROWAVES Called microwaves because they have a wavelength of a micrometer. Used by many cell phones and wireless devices to transmit information. Used in microwave ovens to heat food. Heat polar molecules the best. Energy is not high enough to remove electrons so they are considered to be safe.

6. I NFRARED R ADIATION The energy we lose as heat leaves our bodies by infrared radiation.

7. V ISIBLE L IGHT ROY G BIV Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet

8. U LTRAVIOLET (UV) Part of Sunlight Can Cause DNA damage which may lead to cancer. UV exposure causes increased aging by damaging collagen. Melanin is the pigment that makes you look tan and is produced by your skin to try and reflect UV rays Sunscreen can block UV rays. SPF tells you how powerful the protection is.

9. X R AYS Used in medicine Cannot travel through bones Given contrast to see other systems Continued exposure can damage DNA and lead to increased cancer rates.

11. G AMMA R AYS Radioactive Decay They WILL cause cancer by mutating your genes “CyberKnife” uses them to remove tumors. Used to treat and kill cancer cells. “Radiation” = Gamma Rays

12. P HOTOELECTRIC E FFECT

13. I T ALL STARTS WITH WAVES … Electromagnetic rays hit an object (usually a metal) and electrons are not just move up energy levels, they are released.

14. T HEN COMES ELECTRICITY … The movement of the electrons causes the metal to become a conductor of electricity It is a transformation of energy From wave energy (EM Radiation) to electrical energy.

15. O THER R EQUIREMENTS The wave has to be made of photons with high enough energy to remove the electron. Minimum energy needed to remove an electron is called the threshold frequency. If the photon is below the threshold frequency in energy it doesn’t matter how much light you shine on the object, nothing will happen. Energy of the photon can be calculated with Einstein’s equations.

16. W HEN DO WE USED THIS ? Solar Panels Light from the sun causes electrons to be released. The movement of electrons causes electricity to be produced.