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Chapter 1 Computer Systems
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Why study Computer Architecture? Examples Web Browsing - how does the browser access pages from a server? How can we create graphics that can be loaded more quickly? Configuring Systems - How good is the system? What kind of performance can one expect for desired applications? What additional information is needed to make a more informed decision?
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Example - Terminology
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Java Example Java is best described by a client-server model. Program is compiled on the server into a set of binary code words that represent a generic, stack-based machine language. On the server, the binary code words are interpreted, then executed on a virtual machine. Java uses a multi- threaded paradigm, where new threads are easily created by the programmer.
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Computer Professional l Deeper understanding of the computer itself - rather than just a user l Understanding inherent operations of a computer promotes effectiveness in its use
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User l Awareness of the capabilities and limitations of the computer system l An understanding of OS commands and internal operations l Improved communication with others
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Programmer l Write more efficient programs l Know why some languages are more efficient than others l Understand system errors more clearly l Intermix machine language and higher level language code
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Systems Analyst l Be able to fix the appropriate system to the application l Supports technical specification of desired system l Learn tradeoffs of different file system formats l Learn requirements for building an internet
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Important Fact “In an era where technology changes very rapidly, the fundamental architecture of the computer rests on a solid foundation that has changed only slightly and gradually over the last 50 years” - Englander
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Solid Foundation Has Not Changed l Von Neumann’s Architecture - ‘45 l Unix - late ‘60s l IBM/360 Machine Language - ‘64 identical to today’s IBM/390 l Internet - 25 years old and same protocols and paradigms
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Computer Application (compare w/WP)
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Input-Output-Processing-Storage
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What is Computer Architecture? l Data fundamental representation of facts and observations l Hardware processes data by executing instructions, moves data between storage, input and output l Software instructions executed by the hardware l Communications sharing data and processing among different computers
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Data Component l Text l Numbers l Pictures l Sound l Video l Animation l Charts Much greater variety in types available today. This component actually has changed in format, but not how it is used. (We will discuss more in Ch 3)
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A Typical Computer System Hardware
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Software Component l Systems Software Operating Systems, Utilities l Applications Software fills a business need or solves a business problem
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An Overview Application Programs Utilities Operating System Computer Hardware End User Programmer O/S Designer
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Simplified OS Diagram
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Communications Component l Computers do not operate alone l LAN or WAN l Hardware and Software Components l EQ - communication channels (wire, fiber optics, wireless,…) l EQ - protocols
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In the Beginning - ENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator Publicly announced in 1946 First operational electronic, general purpose machine Military use 80 ft long, 8.5 ft high, 2 ft wide 18,000 vacuum tubes Programmable
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Observation Whereas… the ENIAC is equipped with 18,000 vacuum tubes and weighs 30 tons, computers in the future may have 1,000 vacuum tubes and perhaps weigh just 1 1/2 tons. ------ Popular Mechanics, March 1949
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John von Neumann Principles - 1945 l Stored Program Concept l Binary Processing of Data l Memory is addressed linearly l Memory is addressed without regard to content l Memory holds programs and data
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Overview of Englander’s Text l Part 1 - Data Number systems, how other forms of data are stored l Part 2 - Hardware CPU, memory, instruction sets, I/O devices, storage devices l Part 3 - Systems Software Operating Systems, User Interface, File Management l Part 4 - Networks and Data Communications
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