1. Social Factors

2. Cultural Differences ‘East is east and west is west, and never the twain shall meet.’ - Rudyard Kipling

3. Attitudes toward Dogs

4. Attitudes towards Snakes

5. Attitudes towards Rats

6. Just say no

7. Where does milk come from?

8. Urban Knowledge?

9. Elephants Raiding Crops

10. Deer Eating Corn

11. Sundarbans Tigers

12. Male – Female Differences? Rachel Carson – women give birth and nurture children – thus more likely to be caring about nature

13. Male – Female Differences? Mother Nature – positive image or limiting to women?

14. One model of Ecofeminism

15. Hunter-Gatherer Societies

16. Attitudes towards Animals – from Stephen Kellert

17. Wolf Attack Stories

18. Aldo Leopold – 1911, Arizona

19. Aquarium keepers

20. Korean Dog Market Protest

21. An Ethical Sequence

22. Economics of Conservation

23. Economics - Basic Economics is a tool which helps us answer 3 basic questions: 1. What commodities should be produced and in what quantity? 2. How should we produce those goods? and 3. For whom should we produce those goods?

24. Descriptive Economics The description of economic facts and relationships falls under the category of descriptive economics - it is relatively speaking, a pure science and is objective and its questions can only be answered by facts

25. Normative Economics Normative Economics addresses questions that cannot be answered by facts and figures – for normative questions there are no right and wrong answers but rather questions of “should” or “ought” They are questions about value judgments and must be decided by social and political processes

26. Ecological or Environmental Economics Ecological economics is an emerging discipline that studies interactions between economic and ecological systems. People working in this field attempt to facilitate understanding between economists and ecologists and seeks to integrate their thinking into a transdiscipline or multidisciplinary approach aimed at developing a sustainable world

27. Two Basic Economic Systems 1. Command economy in which the government dictates production and distribution goals 2. In a market economy companies generally produce goods and services which produce the highest profit thus answering the first question of what to produce and how much. Profit also dictates how goods are produced. For whom is answered by ability to pay.

28. Elephant Ivory for Sale

29. Oil Prices

30. BFI Monopoly?

31. Back to Ecological Economics The goal for ecological economics is to develop methods to provide better values for biological diversity and ecosystem services by integrating economic valuation with ecology, environmental science, sociology and ethics

32. Adam Smith Theorized that economic systems were based on each individual acting with enlightened self- interest – everyone involved in an economic exchange seeks to improve their position Smith assumed that all costs and benefits of free exchange were accepted and borne by the participants in an economic exchange

33. External Cost External Cost, a cost to society not paid by the manufacturer or its customers

34. Market Failure Where externalities exist, we have a market failure – society fails to realize the full benefits of economic activity. Some individuals or businesses benefit at the expense of larger society – as a result, society as a whole becomes less prosperous rather than more prosperous

35. Tragedy of the Commons Cows on Selsley Common, UK

36. Market Failure – Regulations Enforced?

37. Discounting Often economists will discount the value of a good to be used in the future, thus giving it a lower current value. This comes about from the idea that it is better to harvest the benefits of economic activity today and invest the profits than to wait and use that resource later

38. External Costs

39. External Costs?

40. Internalization of pollution costs in US 1970 – Clean Air Act (and later amendments) 1972 – Clean Water Act (and later amendments) 1976 – Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 1977 – Surface Mine Control and Reclamation Act

41. Cost Benefit Analysis marginal cost of pollution - added cost to all present and future members of society of an additional unit of pollution marginal cost of pollution abatement - added cost to all present and future members of society of reducing a given type of pollution by one unit

42. Richmond, California

43. Wetlands and Flood Control