1. Plant interactions and limitations to growth

2. GROWING TOGETHER DRY SOIL MESIC SOIL VIRGINIA PINETULIP POPLAR

3. HeightHeight DryWet Mesic

4. Modified from Ellenberg, 1963

5. Niche Theory Fundamental Niche Realized Niche

7. HeightHeight DryWet Mesic

8. Site Sensitive / Site Insensitive No tree ‘likes’ a bad site Where you see a tree is where it reproduced and survived Many examples of trees in the ‘wrong’ place

10. Communities Mutualism –Animals – plants- plants and animals Competition –Primary model for this course Facilitation –Focus of much current research

11. Mutualism Organisms depend on each other Communities become a ‘reproducing’ entity Common in animals –Food pyramid –Plants don’t eat each other

12. Competition Survival of the fittest Gene – environment interaction Probabilities Ultimately natural selection

13. Facilitation One plant ‘helps’ another with no detriment to itself Interaction must be close to selective neutral for ‘helper’ Role of mycorrhizae

14. Climax theory Historic role of ‘superorganism’ –No way for natural selection to work –Many examples showing this does not hold –Has greatly (negatively) impacted forest management

15. Growth Factors Light Water Nutrients Others?

16. Photosynthesis Chlorophyl in the foliage Chloroplasts Sun foliage/shade foliage

17. Photosynthesis 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 OC 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 SUNLIGHT

18. Photosynthate C 6 H 12 O 6 “Stuff” Energy

19. Respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O (Not balanced) ENERGY

20. Light PAR –P hotosynthetical A ctive R adiation Sun foliage/ shade foliage Shade tolerance

21. 20% LIGHT 0% Ps Sun foliage Shade foliage

22. 20% LIGHT 0% Ps Sun foliage Shade foliage

23. Shade Tolerance Ps Light Shade tolerant Shade intolerant

24. Water Input Soil Stomates

26. Percent Soil Water Heaviness of Texture Field Capacity Available Water Unavailable Water From Brady, 1974

27. AET PET Precipitation Water Input

35. Rainfall Consistent

36. Cold Hot

37. Stomatal Behaviour Internal moisture stress –Drought avoiders –Drought endurers

38. Nutrients

39. Law of the Minimum Growth is limited by whatever factor is most need

40. Nitrogen Potential Growth Actual Growth

41. Law of Compensation The addition of one factor can increase the efficiency that a tree uses another factor

42. Law of Compensation With P Amount of N Growth Rate

43. Rule of Efficacy Diminishing returns Growth Amount of “X”

44. Nutrient Cycling Availability CEC Weathering Mineralization C:N Nutrient capital Translocation

45. Nutrients Nitrogen fixers Mycorrhizae

46. Temperature

47. Growing Space Sunlight Water Nutrients Physical space

50. Total growing space Available growing space

51. Total growing space Depends on time and place –Macro and Micro conditions

54. Available Growing Space Grow Regeneration

55. Thinned Unthinned

56. Latewood Earlywood

57. No Available Growing Space Repartition Competition

58. Priorities for Photosynthate 1.Respiration 2.Foliage – Fine Roots 3.{Reproduction} 4.Primary Growth 5.Secondary Growth – Secondary Compounds

59. Photosynthesis > Respiration ? –GROW Photosynthesis < Respiration ? –DIE Photosynthesis = Respiration ? –NOT A LONG TERM CHOICE

60. Volume Wood formation (total volume) is: [ (Photosynthesis-Respiration)] - Allocation

61. Where Does It Go? Respiration Increment Dominant Tree26% 42% Co-dominant Tree29% 41% Suppressed Tree50% 8% [ash stand in Denmark]