1. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning Chapter 4: Consciousness: Wide Awake, in a Daze, or Dreaming?

2. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning Consciousness Functions of sleep How much do we need Circadian rhythm –Weekend Lag –Jet Lag –Night Shift Work

3. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning The Four Stages of Non-REM Sleep Stage I –Light sleep Stage II –Clearly asleep Stage III –Transitional stage Stage IV –Deep sleep, body maintenance and restoration

4. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning REM Sleep: Dream On After deep sleep, before REM, body cycles back through stages 3 and 2 Active stage – brain waves look awake Body paralysis

5. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning A Typical Night’s Sleep Stage I, II, III, IV, III, II of non-REM and then REM = one cycle Cycle repeats Complete cycle takes about 90 minutes –Less time spent in deep sleep and more in REM as night progresses About 20% of night spent in REM sleep Dreaming

6. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning Sleeping Disorders: Tossing and Turning – and More Sleep disorder = a disturbance in the normal pattern of sleep 95% of Americans suffer from a sleep disorder sometime during their life 25% to 40% of children and adolescents Insomnia

7. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning How Can You Get the Sleep You Need? Establish a regular sleep-wake cycle Avoid long naps Only sleep in bed Get up and do something after 15 minutes Avoid sleeping pills, alcohol, cigarettes and caffeine Exercise during day

8. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning Sleep, cont. Narcolepsy Cataplexy Sleep Apnea SIDS Sleepwalking Night Terrors Enuresis

9. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning Gender Differences in Sleep Men report needing less sleep Men more likely to snore and have sleep apnea Women likely to get more sleep than men Women report more daytime sleepiness and difficulty falling asleep Women suffer more from insomnia

10. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning Consciousness Hypnosis –Defined –Theories Explaining Psychoactive Drugs

11. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning Drugs, cont. Tolerance Dependence Abuse

12. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning How Drugs Work: Biology, Expectations, and Culture Biologically, drugs interfere with normal nervous system function Psychological factors Culture –Social acceptance of drug use or non-use

13. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning Depressants Alcohol –Slows neural functioning –Health Effects –Genes –Social costs

14. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning Barbiturates and Sedatives Reduce anxiety or induce sleep Sedatives prescribed for anxiety reduction Similar effects to alcohol Potentially lethal combined with alcohol Rohypnol – rape drug Physical withdrawal is severe

15. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning Opiates (Narcotics): Morphine, Codeine, Opium, and Heroin Pain treatment Create feeling of pleasure Highly addictive Severe physical withdrawal symptoms High overdose risk

16. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning Stimulants: Legal and Otherwise Interfere with brain functioning by speeding up normal brain activity Caffeine Nicotine Cocaine and crack Amphetamines MDMA (Ecstasy)

17. Pastorino/Doyle-Portillo Essentials of What Is Psychology? 1 st edition © 2010 Cengage Learning Hallucinogens: Distorting Reality Interfere with brain functioning by exciting and inhibiting neural activity Contrasting effects often cause distorted perceptions (hallucinations) Types of hallucinogens –Marijuana –PCP –LSD