1. Physics 55 Monday, November 28, 2005 1.Introduction to Special Relativity 2.Simultaneity is not absolute 3.Time dilation, space contraction, relativistic momentum 4.Introduction to General Relativity 5.Einstein’s equivalence principle

2. Events 1.TUNL tour Tuesday, Nov. 29, 5:15-6 pm. 2.Observation sessions this Thursday and Friday nights from 10pm-midnight. 3.Last quiz this Friday, Dec 2. 4.Course evaluations on Monday, Dec 5. 5.All extra credit projects due this Monday, Dec. 5. 6.Last class is Friday, Dec. 9. 7.Review sessions during exam week. 8.“I want answers!” Discussion Board on Blackboard.

3. Deep Puzzles Associated With Light Light is an electromagnetic wave that travels at 300,000,000 meters in a second (denoted by letter c after the Latin word celeritas). But what is “waving” as light moves through space? What is the speed of light measured with respect to?

4. Many Waves Travel at Speeds Independent of Source But: speed with which waves strike an object like the rowboat here depends on the velocity of the rowboat. If you are moving toward the source of the waves with speed v and the waves have speed v w, you see the waves arriving with speed v+v w. If you move away from the source, you see waves with speed v-v w. (For these reasons, a supersonic jet can not hear the sound of its engines!) But not so for light!

5. Special Relativity (1905): Postulates Complements rather than supplants Newton’s ideas, only important when speeds become close to speed of light. Postulates: 1.Laws of nature are the same in all inertial frames of reference. (It is impossible to determine your speed just by making measurements in a lab.) Note: an inertial frame of reference is a laboratory for which Newton’s first law of motion is observed to hold, i.e., an object for which the total force is zero moves in a constant direction with constant speed. 2. The speed of light is same for all observers.

6. Special Relativity (1905): Deductions Deductions: Time and space are not absolute. Simultaneity is not absolute. Time slows down the faster an object moves! Lengths become shorter the faster an object moves! Speeds add in a funny way:.6c +.6c is.88c, not 1.2c. Mass increases the faster an object moves! E=mc 2

7. Relative Motion at Low Relative Speeds

8. Relative Motion For Light Measured speed of light is same for you and Jackie! Question: how does someone measure the speed of light?

9. The Speed of Light c Is the Maximum Possible Speed and Is the Same for All Observers Note: Light does change if the source is moving, e.g., the wavelength and frequency f of light change (this is the Doppler shift), but the observed speed of light is independent of motion.

10. Experimental Confirmation that Speed of Light Must Be Absolute For visual binary star system with one star moving toward and away from Earth, we would see two arcs of light instead of two points of light if speed of light depended on motion of source, contrary to observation. Albireo

11. Implication of Speed of Light as Maximum Speed: Limits to Computing, Need for Parallel Computing In one nanosecond (one billionth of a second), light travels about 0.3 m (1 foot) so all parts of computer must be within 1 foot radius to avoid waiting for information to arrive. So maximum speed of light forces computers to become tiny in order to become fast. But the it is hard to remove heat from many circuit elements so close together, one reason why processors become hotter and hotter over time (you can cook an egg with 3 GHz chip it is so hot). Modern integrated circuit with 200,000,000 elements Making computers (here a teraflop IBM computer) massively parallel is one of the few ways to solve the speed and heat issues associated with the speed of light.

12. Implication of Maximum Speed is c: Travel to the Stars is Hard Fastest current man-made object: Voyager 1, launched in 1970s, now moving at 3.6 AU/year (~40,000 mph) and nearest star is 250,000 AU away (4.4 light-years) so time to get to Alpha Centauri would be about 70,000 years. Voyager is presently about 100 AU from the Sun.

13. Simultaneity Is Not Absolute Insight: Observer at point O has no knowledge of lightning strikes at points A and B until light (or sound or some effect) propagates through space to point O. The blue arcs indicate the fronts of light waves spreading out from points A and B.

14. Simultaneity is Not Absolute: II Einstein’s Example Based on Two Trains Observer O  says lightning struck simultaneously at points A 2 and B 2, but observer O 1 disagrees, says that lightning struck at B 1 then struck at A 1. Here you can see that the waves from B 1 have already passed by O 1, but the waves from A 1 have yet to catch up to O 1 because O 1 is moving away from A 1.

15. Time Dilation Thought Experiment You see Jackie’s light clock as taking longer to tick specifically because c is independent of v: light has to follow a longer path but the speed of light is always the same.

16. Einstein’s Time Dilation Formula v=0.900c gives 2.3 fold dilation v=0.990c gives 7.1 fold dilation v=0.999c gives 22 fold dilation V=0.9999995 gives 1000 fold dilate

17. Implication of Time Dilation: Travel to Stars Makes You Younger Compared to Someone On Earth With rocket moving at 0.999c, round-trip time to Vega about 25 light-years away would be 50 years for someone on Earth. But person on rocket sees distance to Vega contracted to 25(1/22) ~ 1 ly so time to go to Vega and back would be about 2 years. If the twins were 30 years old at launch time, one would be 30 + 25 + 25 = 80 years old, the other 30 + 1 + 1 = 32 years old when reunited!

18. Recommended Novel

19. Implication of Time Dilation: Muon Showers Require Underground Experiments Average duration of muon  is two microseconds (  s). At speed of light and if time dilation didn’t occur, muon would cover average distance of 600 m before disintegrating into an electron and two neutrinos. But average speed of created muons is 0.999c so muons live about 20 times longer, which means they travel distance of about 20 x 600 = 12 km, and now can reach surface of Earth. Data: 570 muons/hour observed on mountain top of 6000 ft (1800 m) would see about 35/hour at sea level which is 6 ms away. But instead about 400 muons/hour observed at sea level in accord with relativity.

20. Relativistic Length Contraction v/c=0.8 gives 0.6 contraction v/c=0.995 gives ~0.1 contraction

21. PRS Question: How Does the Angle Change? A person in a rocket is lying on a bed that is tilted up from the horizontal by an angle  when the rocket is at rest. If the rocket were now to zoom by you at close to the speed of light, you would measure the angle of the bed to be 1. larger than  2. smaller than  3. unchanged

22. Relativity Paradox: Does the Train Fit Inside the Tunnel or Not? V=0.8c Sqrt[1-(v/c) 2 ] = 0.6

23. Neat Relativistic Optical Effects http://www.anu.edu.au/Physics/Searle/ http://www.anu.edu.au/Physics/Searle/

24. Implications of Relativity: Design of 21 st Century Research Devices like Loch Large Hadron Collider (LHC) 27 km (17 miles) long ring on Swiss-French border.

25. Relativistic Addition of Velocities Jackie sees Bob coming to her with speed 0.988c, not 1.7c! How fast is Bob approaching Jackie if Bob approaches you at 0.8c, Jackie approaches you at 0.9c?

26. Relativistic Addition Formula Explore some properties: what are some questions we can ask of this formula to see if it makes sense?

27. PRS Question When you are traveling in a rocket ship at speed v=0.5c past the Earth, you measure Sue traveling in a rocket ship past you in the same direction at speed v=0.7c, and Sue measures Bob traveling past her in a rocket in the same direction at speed v=0.9c. What speeds v 1 and v 2 should you use in the addition formula to determine what you measure for Bob’s speed? 1.v 1 =0.5c, v 2 =1.6c 2. v 1 =0.889c, v 2 =0.9c 3. v 1 =0.7c, v 2 =0.9c 4. v 1 =0.2c, v 2 =0.4c 5. Don’t know what to do… You Sue Bob

28. Variations of the Question When you are traveling in a rocket ship at speed v=0.5c past the Earth, you measure Sue traveling in a rocket ship past you in the same direction at speed v=0.7c, and Sue measures Bob traveling past her in a rocket in the same direction at speed v=0.9c. What speeds v 1 and v 2 should you use in the addition formula to determine Earth’s speed as measured by Sue? What is Bob’s speed with respect to Earth? You Sue Bob