1. Imaging in Haematuria Dr. Jaswinder Singh Consultant Radiologist
West Hertfordshire Trust Hospitals

2. Types of haematuria
Visible haematuria (VH): also called macroscopic haematuria or gross haematuria.
Non-visible haematuria (NVH): also called microscopic haematuria or dipstick positive haematuria:
Symptomatic non-visible haematuria (s-NVH): associated symptoms include voiding lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS): hesitancy, frequency, urgency, dysuria.
Asymptomatic non-visible haematuria (a-NVH): incidental detection in the absence of LUTS or upper urinary tract symptoms.

3. Significant haematuria
is defined as:
Any single episode of VH.
Any single episode of s-NVH (in absence of UTI or other transient causes).
Persistent a-NVH (in absence of UTI or other transient causes). Persistence is defined as 2 out of 3 dipsticks positive for NVH.

4. Investigations and management
Transient causes need to be excluded
All children with haematuria should be referred.
All definite haematuria, whether macroscopic or microscopic, requires investigation.
Patients on anticoagulants should also be investigated.
Transient causes that need to be excluded before establishing the presence of significant haematuria are urinary tract infection (UTI), exercise induced haematuria or rarely myoglobinuria, and menstruation.1
All children with haematuria should be referred.
All definite haematuria, whether macroscopic or microscopic, requires investigation to exclude serious underlying conditions, especially urinary tract neoplasm.5
Patients on anticoagulants should also be investigated. Anticoagulants are more likely to provoke rather than be the cause of haematuria.

5. NICE referral guideline
The NICE Cancer Referral Guidelines recommend urgent referral for:
Patients of any age with painless macroscopic haematuria.
Aged 40 years and older who present with recurrent or persistent urinary tract infection associated with haematuria.
Aged 50 years and older who are found to have unexplained microscopic haematuria.
With an abdominal mass identified clinically or on imaging that is thought to arise from the urinary tract.

6. Joint Consensus Statement on the Initial Assessment of Haematuria Prepared on behalf of the Renal Association and British Association of Urological Surgeons. Issue date July 2008

8. Imaging protocol Painless Haematuria Macroscopic Microscopic Age<50
must be proven (i.e. on microscopy) & negative MSU
Age<50
Age> 50
CTE
CTE
USRE
further imaging only at specialist request

21. Thanks