1. The Evolution of Criminal Investigation and Criminalistics
Chapter 1
The Evolution of Criminal Investigation and Criminalistics

2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES Explain the importance of the Bow Street Runners
Discuss the contribution of Sir Robert Peel’s reform to early policing in the United States
Explain the history and function of the Pinkerton National Detective Agency
Highlight the first major federal investigative agencies and their responsibilities
Explain the impact of Supreme Court's "due process revolution" and its impact on policing
Discuss Bertillon’s method of anthropometry
Summarize the historical development of fingerprint identification
Explain the concept and practice of DNA typing
Outline the milestones in the development of firearms identification

3. THE BOW STREET RUNNERS
Small group of volunteers/non-uniformed homeowners
Established in 1750 by Henry Fielding; called "Take Thieves"
Hurry to scene of crime and begin investigation
First modern detective force

4. SIR ROBERT PEEL
His efforts led to the establishment of a Metropolitan police force for London
Peel is considered the father of modern policing
Many of his reforms are part of policing today in America
Peel was considered a skillful administrator with vision
Appointed Charles Rowan and Richard Mayne as first commissioners

5. PEEL’S PRINCIPLES
The police must be stable, efficient, organized along military lines.
The police must be under government control.
The absence of crime best proves efficiency of police.
The distribution of crime news is essential.
The deployment of police strength over time and area is essential.
No quality is more indispensable to a police officer than a perfect command of temper.

6. PEEL’S PRINCIPLES (cont'd)
Good appearance commands respect.
Securing and training proper people is the root of efficiency.
Public security demands every police officer be given a number.
Police headquarters should be centrally located/easily accessible.
Police should be hired on a probationary basis.
Police records are necessary to the correctly distribute police strength.

7. DETECTIVES IN THE U.S. EVOLVED IN THE PRIVATE SECTOR
Graft/corruption common in big city police departments
Municipal police jurisdictions were limited.
Little communication between police departments in different cities.
Offenders could flee from one jurisdiction to another
Private sector detectives like Pinkerton’s developed

8. PINKERTON AT WORK Protected President-elect Lincoln
Operated an intelligence service for the union army
Pursued bank and railroad robbers
Created extensive criminal records
Provided a good model for government detectives
(Courtesy Pinkerton’s Archives)

9. EARLY FEDERAL INVESTIGATIVE AGENCIES
1865 Secret Service created to combat counterfeiting
1903 After assassination of McKinley responsibility for presidential protection was added
1908 Bureau of Investigation became F.B.I. 1924/Hoover assumed leadership
1920 Internal Revenue responsible for Prohibition enforcement

10. DUE PROCESS REVOLUTION
Cases decided by the U.S. Supreme Court,
Known as due process revolution
Active in cases involving rights of suspects/defendants
Miranda, Mapp v. Ohio, Terry decisions impact police

11. NYPD ROGUES’ GALLERY N.Y.P.D. established Rogues' Gallery in 1857
Photographs of known offenders were included
Photos were arranged by their criminal specialty and height
Used by detectives to recognize criminals on the street
(Courtesy Library of Congress)

12. ANTHROPOMETRY
First method of criminal identification thought to be reliable; based on a criteria of body measurements
Developed by Bertillon ( ); father of criminal identification
After 1883 the system was adopted throughout Europe
System was abandoned because dactylography (fingerprint identification) simpler, more reliable

13. HENRY BERTILLON AND A BERTILLON MEASUREMENT
(Courtesy Jacques Ganthial)
(Courtesy Library of Congress)

14. MILESTONES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DACTYLOGRAPHY
1684 England’s Dr. Grew observes pores and ridges in hands and feet
1823 Perkinje develops nine standard fingerprint patterns and classification system
1892 Galton publishes “Fingerprints,” first definitive book on dactylography
1894 Vucetich publishes “Dictiloscopia Comparada,” outlining his system

15. MILESTONES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DACTYLOGRAPHY (Cont.)
1900 The Henry system was adopted in England
1901 Henry publishes “Classification and Use of Fingerprints,” outlining his system of fingerprint classification
1903 The Will West/William West case demonstrates the superiority of dactylography to anthropometry

16. Modern Technology and Identification
PhotoWorks
Modern technology has enhanced the process of personal identification.

17. DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA), chemical blueprint which determines everything from our hair color to our disease vulnerabilities; with the exception of identical twins, each person has a unique DNA makeup
DNA is unique to individuals
The human sources of DNA are: blood and tissue; spermatozoa; bone marrow, tooth pulp and hair root cells

18. DNA TYPING DNA is a chemical blueprint
The Enderby cases were the first use DNA typing in England in 1987
The Orlando cases were the first used in the U.S. in1986
The FBI crime lab was the first public lab to use DNA analysis in 1988

19. MILESTONES IN FIREARMS IDENTIFICATION
1835 Henry Goddard was the first to successfully identify a murderer from bullet removed from victim’s body
1889 Professor Lacassagne identified grooves on a bullet removed from a corpse and matched it to a suspect’s weapon
1898 Paul Jeserich took microphotographs of fatal and test bullets; he testified the defendant’s revolver fired the fatal bullet
1926 Calvin Goddard was most responsible for raising firearm identification to a science