1. Warm Up
Monday 1/28/13
What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis.

2. Independent student work
MON 1/28/13-Sub
Independent student work

3. Warm Up
Tuesday 1/29/13
Define evolution in your own words.

4. Darwin’s Theory of Evolution

5. Objectives Define evolution
Explain Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution.

6. Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Evolution, is change over time, OR is the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms.
A scientific theory is a well-supported testable explanation of phenomena that have occurred in the natural world.

7. Evolution is a Theory – Just like Gravity!
Evolution is a well supported explanation of phenomena that have occurred in the natural world
A theory in science is a well tested hypothesis, not just a guess

8. Evolution is when organisms change over time
Evolution is when organisms change over time. So, modern organisms descended from ancient ones

9. Charles Darwin: born in England in 1809 Sailed around the world 1831-1836

10. How do you think Darwin came up with his theory?
Voyage of the Beagle

11. Darwin’s Journey

12. Factors of Darwin’s theory of Evolution.
Darwin observed such a large variation of species in similar environments.
He observed fossils
Darwin observed that the characteristics of many animals and plants varied noticeably among the different islands.
List one factor that YOU think!

13. What did Darwin’s Travels reveal
The diversity of living species was far greater than anyone had previously known!!
Diversity = Many different kinds of species
These observations led him to develop the theory of evolution!!

14. 1. Patterns of Diversity
Darwin visited Argentina and Australia which had similar grassland ecosystems.
those grasslands were inhabited by very different animals.
neither Argentina nor Australia was home to the sorts of animals that lived in European grasslands.

15. Examples of Diversity
He saw rabbits in England but not in Australia even though the environment was similar

16. 2. Living Organisms and Fossils
Darwin collected the preserved remains of ancient organisms, called fossils.
Some of those fossils resembled organisms that were still alive today.

17. Living Organisms and Fossils
Others looked completely unlike any creature he had ever seen.
As Darwin studied fossils, new questions arose.
Why had so many of these species disappeared?
How were they related to living species?

18. Fossils Types of fossils Trace fossils Imprints
Cast mold
Trace fossils Imprints
Frozen or amber Petrified fossils

19. Imprint

20. The Galapagos Island
A group of islands off the northwest coast of South America
The islands are close together but have very different climates
Darwin observed that the characteristics of many plants and animals varied among the different islands.

21. Examples from the Islands:
Land tortoises
Galapagos finches

22. More examples on the Galapagos Islands
Blue footed booby
Marine Iguanas

25. 4. The Journey Home Darwin Observed that
Many islands close together had different climates.
Characteristics of many plants and animals varied greatly among the islands

26. Darwin finally published his ideas in in his book “The Origin of Species” that summarized all his findings from his trip around the world.

27. Lamarck Theory of acquired characteristics
Lamarck said organisms acquired traits by using their bodies in new ways
These new characteristics were passed to offspring
Lamarck was totally wrong!

29. Avid Thinking Strategy
Cartoon Project
The cartoon does not have to be funny. It should be drawn on a blank sheet of paper with an explanation.
Cartoon
Single frame cartoon
Three color minimum. ( black and white do not count)
Two-line caption.
Explanation
State the science concept being shown.
Write a 2-3 sentence explanation of why the cartoon shows the concept.

30. NO CLASS
Rachel’s Challenge-no class

31. Warm Up
Thursday
Explain the term theory in your own words.

32. Fossils, Artificial Selection, & Natural Selection
Evolution #2
Fossils, Artificial Selection, & Natural Selection

33. Objectives Define artificial selection Define natural selection
State the importance of fossils in relative dating.

34. Evidence of Evolution Fossil Record
Geographic Distribution of Living Species
Homologous Body structures
Similarities in Embryology

35. 1. The Fossil Record
Fossil Record provides evidence that living things have evolved
Fossils show the history of life on earth and how different groups of organisms have changed over time

36. Relative vs. Absolute Dating

37. Relative Dating Can determine a fossil’s relative age
Performed by estimating fossil age compared with that of other fossils
Drawbacks – provides no information about age in years

38. 2. Geographic Distribution of Living Species
Similar animals in different locations were the product of different lines of descent

39. Homologous body structures
Structures that have different mature forms but develop from the same embryonic tissues.
Wings and legs all descended from fish fins.
e.g. Wing of bat, human arm, leg of turtle
Turtle
Alligator
Bird

40. Homologous Body Structures

41. Vestigial Organs e.g. Appendix in man
traces of homologous organs in other species
Organ that serves no useful function
e.g. Appendix in man

42. Similarities in Embryology
In their early stages of development, many animals look similar, providing evidence that they shared a common ancestry.

43. Embryological development

44. Artificial Selection
Nature provides variation, humans select variations that are useful.
Example - a farmer breeds only his best livestock.

45. 1. Evolution by Natural Selection
What do you think natural selection mean? (“Nature chooses”, chooses what? Best adaptations for survival)
The Struggle for Existence-members of each species have to compete for food, shelter, other life necessities in order to survive.
Survival of the Fittest-Some individuals are better suited for the environment. Organisms with most favorable adaptation will survive.

46. Natural Selection
Natural selection is the process by which individual organisms with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.
Fitness is the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its specific environment.
Adaptation: an inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chance of survival.

48. 2. Components of Natural Selection
Not all individuals will be able to reproduce.
Due to environmental issues, illness, etc…
DIFFERENTIAL REPRODUCTION
Birds eat green beetles, not brown ones.
What’s Left?
What’s the end result?

50. Components of Natural Selection
The brown beetles that are left will mate and have brown offspring.
The brown trait has a genetic basis.
This is called HEREDITY.

51. Eventually, all beetles in this population will be brown.
Finally, the brown trait (which is more advantageous) allows the beetle to survive in order to reproduce.
Eventually, all beetles in this population will be brown.
This PHENOTYPE has been SELECTED over the green phenotype.
Image courtesy of

52. 3. Descent with Modification
Descent with Modification- Natural selection produces organisms that have different structures, establish different niches or occupy different habitats.
This causes today’s species to look different from their ancestors.
Common Descent- were derived from common ancestors

54. Summary of Darwin’s Theory
Organisms differ; variation is inherited.
2. Organisms produce more offspring than survive.
3. Organisms compete for resources.
4. Organisms with advantages survive to pass those advantages to their children.
5. Species alive today are descended with modifications from common ancestors.

55. Warm Up
Friday 2/1/13
What is the difference between genotype & phenotype? Give an example of each.

56. Lab

57. Warm Up
Monday 2/4/13
Define artificial selection in your own words.

58. Monday-SUB
Independent student work

59. Avid Thinking Strategy
Design a future Creature
Design a future creature. ( Fake/imaginary)
Use at least 3 colors to illustrate the creature
List 5 adaptations that would provide an advantage to the creature (natural selection)
Define natural selection in your own words.
( 1 sentence)
Give an example of natural selection ( 1 sentence)
Give a nonexample of natural selection ( 1 sentence )

60. Warm Up
Tuesday
Explain the concept “survival of the fittest” in your own words.

61. Evolution #3
Population Evolution

62. Objectives Define population. Define gene pool.
Compare and contrast genetic variations.

63. Evolution of Populations
Occurs when there is a change in relative frequency of alleles

64. VOCABULARY REVIEW Evolution – change over time NATURAL SELECTION –
Individuals better adapted to the environment are able to survive and reproductive.
“SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST”

65. NEW VOCABULARY POPULATION –
Group of individuals of same species that interbreed.
GENE POOL –
Common group of all genes present in a population.

66. 1. Variation and Gene Pool
Combined genetic information of all members.
Allele frequency = number of times alleles occur in a population.
Evolution: Any change in the relative frequency of alleles in a population

67. 2. Single-Gene vs. Polygenic Traits
Single-Gene trait: any trait controlled by one gene (example: tongue rolling)
Natural selection on single-gene traits can lead to change in allele frequencies and thus evolution. Distinct phenotype
Polygenic traits: any trait controlled by two or more genes (example: height in human) Many Phenotypes

68. 3. Natural selection affects the distribution of phenotypes in three ways:
Directional selection- Individuals at one end of the curve have higher fitness than those in the middle.
Example: seed size and birds beak size.

69. Stabilizing selection-Individuals near the center of the curve have higher fitness than those at either ends of the curve.
Example: weight of human infants at birth

70. Disruptive selection-Individuals at the upper and lower ends of the curve have higher fitness than those near the middle.
Example: seed size and bird beak size.

71. 4. Natural Selection on Polygenic Traits

72. Genetic Variation Gene Flow Mutation Sex
Movement of genes from one population to another.
Mutation
Changes in DNA
Sex
Sexual reproduction causes new combinations of genes.
Gene flow, sexual reproduction (meiosis), and mutations are major causes of genetic variation.

73. 1. Sources of genetic Variation in Populations
Mutations -
change in DNA
sequence
Gene Shuffling –
from sexual
reproduction

74. 2. Genetic Drift
Suppose that some organism left behind a few more offspring than other organisms.
The ones that are left are the “lucky” ones.
But their genes may be no more advantageous than anyone else’s.
Entirely random.
Doesn’t produce adaptations, only a mixing of the gene pool.

75. 3.Genetic Drift changes populations
Random change in allele frequency causes an allele to become common

76. 4. Founder Effect: genetic drift due to the migration of a small subgroup of a population.
Example: fruit flies migrating from mainland to different Hawaiian Islands.

78. Hawaiian Honeycreepers
Adaptive radiation – these species all
diverged from a common ancestor
(founder species)
FOUNDER SPECIES

79. Conditions needed for Genetic Equilibrium1 2 3 4 5 5

80. SPECIATION Speciation is the formation of new species
As new species evolve, populations become reproductively isolated.
1. Reproductive Isolation – Members of two population cannot interbreed & produce fertile offspring.

81. ISOLATING MECHANISMS……..
2. Behavioral Isolation - capable of breeding but have differences in courtship rituals (EX. Meadowlarks)
3. Geographical Isolation – Separated by geographic barrier like rivers ,mountains, or bodies of water (ex: squirrel)
4. Temporal Isolation – Two or more species reproduce at different times.

82. Table 23.1a

83. Name the type of Isolation
A. Populations on the same species of seal live on islands too far apart to swim to mate.
B. Herds of caribou misinterpret each other’s mating behavior so they fight instead of mate.
C. Flowers pollinating at different seasons.

84. Avid Thinking Strategy
Population Evolution graphic presentation
Develop an illustration that will tell the world about evolution of populations. (ex. genetic drift, gene pool)
Centerpiece of the artwork must be a slogan or phrase.
Surrounding artwork ( min. of 3 colors ) must demonstrate the concept in a real life situation.
End with a 1 paragraph (4-6 sentence) explanation of how the artwork represents the topic.

85. Warm Up
Wednesday
List three conditions needed for genetic equilibrium.

86. Genetics Review Periods 5 & 7

87. Warm Up
Thursday
Give an example of the founder effect in the real world.

88. Evolution Review 5th & 7th Period

89. Warm Up
Friday, February 8, 2013
List the 4 biomolecules.

90. Objectives
Predict what will happen to a species if it is geographically isolated.
Explain divergent evolution giving real world examples.

91. Diverbird Lab (Handout)