1. CANCER

2. Background Cells divide and multiply as the body needs them. Cells divide and multiply as the body needs them. When cells continue multiplying when the body doesn't need them, the result is a mass or growth, also called a tumor.

3. Background. These growths are considered either benign or malignant. Each type of cancer is unique with its own causes, symptoms, and methods of treatment. Like with all groups of disease, some types of cancer are more common than others. Each type of cancer is unique with its own causes, symptoms, and methods of treatment. Like with all groups of disease, some types of cancer are more common than others.

4. Cancer a malignant tumor of potentially unlimited growth that expands locally by invasion and metastasis a malignant tumor of potentially unlimited growth that expands locally by invasion and metastasis

5. Cancer Cancer is one of the most common diseases in the world: Cancer is one of the most common diseases in the world: 1 in 4 deaths are due to cancer 1 in 4 deaths are due to cancer Lung cancer is the most common cancer in men Lung cancer is the most common cancer in men Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women There are over 100 different forms of cancer There are over 100 different forms of cancer

6. Cancer The division (mitosis) of normal cells is precisely controlled. New cells are only formed for growth or to replace dead ones. The division (mitosis) of normal cells is precisely controlled. New cells are only formed for growth or to replace dead ones. Cancerous cells divide repeatedly even though they are not needed, they crowd out other normal cells and function abnormally. Cancerous cells divide repeatedly out of control even though they are not needed, they crowd out other normal cells and function abnormally. They can also destroy the correct functioning of major organs. They can also destroy the correct functioning of major organs.

8. Cancer Is One Outcome of A Runaway Cell Cycle Licentious division - prostate cancer cells during division.

10. The Cell Cycle and Cancer Neoplasm- abnormal growth of cells Neoplasm- abnormal growth of cells Benign neoplasms are not cancerous Benign neoplasms are not cancerous Encapsulated; Do not invade neighboring tissue or spread Encapsulated; Do not invade neighboring tissue or spread Malignant neoplasms are cancerous Malignant neoplasms are cancerous Not encapsulated; Readily invade neighboring tissues Not encapsulated; Readily invade neighboring tissues May also detach and lodge in distant places – metastasis May also detach and lodge in distant places – metastasis

11. Carcinogenesis – development of cancer Carcinogenesis – development of cancer Tends to be gradual, takes years Tends to be gradual, takes years The Cell Cycle and Cancer

12. Characteristics of Cancer Cells Lack differentiation (control) Lack differentiation (control) Have abnormal nuclei Have abnormal nuclei Form tumors Form tumors Mitosis controlled by contact with neighboring cells – contact inhibition Mitosis controlled by contact with neighboring cells – contact inhibition Cancer cells have lost contact inhibition Cancer cells have lost contact inhibition

13. Stages of Cancer Stage I cancers are localized to one part of the body; usually curable. Stage I cancers are localized to one part of the body; usually curable. Stage II cancers are locally advanced. Stage II cancers are locally advanced. Stage III cancers are also locally advanced. Stage III cancers are also locally advanced. Stage IV cancers have often metastasized, or spread to other organs or throughout the body. Stage IV cancers have often metastasized, or spread to other organs or throughout the body.

14. Stages of Cancer

15. What causes cancer? Cancer arises from the mutation Cancer arises from the mutation of a normal gene. of a normal gene. A factor which brings about a mutation is called a mutagen. A factor which brings about a mutation is called a mutagen. It is thought that several mutations need to occur to give rise to cancer It is thought that several mutations need to occur to give rise to cancer Mutated genes that cause cancer Mutated genes that cause cancer are called oncogenes. are called oncogenes.

16. Any agent that causes cancer is called a carcinogen and is described as carcinogenic. Any agent that causes cancer is called a carcinogen and is described as carcinogenic. Cancerous cells do not self destruct and continue to divide rapidly producing millions of new cancerous cells. Cancerous cells do not self destruct and continue to divide rapidly producing millions of new cancerous cells. What causes cancer?

17. Carcinogens Ionising radiation – X Rays, UV light Ionising radiation – X Rays, UV light Chemicals – tar from cigarettes Chemicals – tar from cigarettes Virus infection – papilloma virus can be responsible for cervical cancer. Virus infection – papilloma virus can be responsible for cervical cancer. Hereditary predisposition – Some families are more susceptible to getting certain cancers. Remember you can’t inherit cancer its just that you maybe more susceptible to getting it. Hereditary predisposition – Some families are more susceptible to getting certain cancers. Remember you can’t inherit cancer its just that you maybe more susceptible to getting it.

18. What are the different kinds of Cancer? The four most common cancers are: The four most common cancers are: Breast Cancer Breast Cancer Breast Cancer Breast Cancer Colon Cancer Colon Cancer Colon Cancer Colon Cancer Lung Cancer Lung Cancer Lung Cancer Lung Cancer Prostate Cancer Prostate Cancer Prostate Cancer Prostate Cancer

19. What are the different kinds of Cancer? Cancers of Blood and Lymphatic Systems: Cancers of Blood and Lymphatic Systems: Hodgkin's Disease Hodgkin's Disease Hodgkin's Disease Hodgkin's Disease Leukemias Leukemias Leukemias Lymphomas Lymphomas Lymphomas Multiple Myeloma Multiple Myeloma Multiple Myeloma Multiple Myeloma Waldenström's Disease Waldenström's Disease Waldenström's Disease Waldenström's Disease

20. What are the different kinds of Cancer? Cancers of Digestive Systems: Cancers of Digestive Systems: Head and Neck Cancers Head and Neck Cancers Head and Neck Cancers Head and Neck Cancers Esophageal Cancer Esophageal Cancer Esophageal Cancer Esophageal Cancer Stomach Cancer Stomach Cancer Stomach Cancer Stomach Cancer Cancer of Pancreas Cancer of Pancreas Cancer of Pancreas Cancer of Pancreas Liver Cancer Liver Cancer Liver Cancer Liver Cancer Colon and Rectal Cancer Colon and Rectal Cancer Colon and Rectal Cancer Colon and Rectal Cancer

21. What are the different kinds of Cancer? Cancers of Urinary system: Cancers of Urinary system: Kidney Cancer Kidney Cancer Kidney Cancer Kidney Cancer Bladder Cancer Bladder Cancer Bladder Cancer Bladder Cancer Testis Cancer Testis Cancer Testis Cancer Testis Cancer Prostate Cancer Prostate Cancer Prostate Cancer Prostate Cancer

22. What are the different kinds of Cancer? Miscellaneous cancers: Miscellaneous cancers: Brain Tumors Brain Tumors Brain Tumors Brain Tumors Bone Tumors Bone Tumors Bone Tumors Bone Tumors Nasopharyngeal Cancer Nasopharyngeal Cancer Nasopharyngeal Cancer Nasopharyngeal Cancer Retroperitoneal sarcomas Retroperitoneal sarcomas Retroperitoneal sarcomas Retroperitoneal sarcomas Soft Tissue Tumors Soft Tissue Tumors Soft Tissue Tumors Soft Tissue Tumors Thyroid Cancer Thyroid Cancer Thyroid Cancer Thyroid Cancer Cancers of Unknown Primary Site Cancers of Unknown Primary Site Cancers of Unknown Primary Site Cancers of Unknown Primary Site

23. Cancer Treatment Chemotherapy treatment Chemotherapy treatment uses medicine to weaken and destroy cancer cells in the body, including cells at the original cancer site and any cancer cells that may have spread to another part of the body. uses medicine to weaken and destroy cancer cells in the body, including cells at the original cancer site and any cancer cells that may have spread to another part of the body.

24. Chemotherapy treatment Chemotherapy treatment or "chemo," is a systemic therapy, which means it affects the whole body by going through the bloodstream. or "chemo," is a systemic therapy, which means it affects the whole body by going through the bloodstream. In some cases, chemotherapy is given before surgery to shrink the cancer In some cases, chemotherapy is given before surgery to shrink the cancer Cancer Treatment

25. Radiation therapy (also called radiotherapy) Radiation therapy (also called radiotherapy) high-energy rays are used to damage cancer cells and stop them from growing and dividing. high-energy rays are used to damage cancer cells and stop them from growing and dividing. cancer A specialist in radiation therapy is called a radiation oncologist. A specialist in radiation therapy is called a radiation oncologist. Cancer Treatment

26. Radiation therapy (also called radiotherapy) Radiation therapy (also called radiotherapy) Like surgery, radiation therapy is a local treatment; it affects cancer cells only in the treated area. Radiation can come from a machine (external radiation). Like surgery, radiation therapy is a local treatment; it affects cancer cells only in the treated area. Radiation can come from a machine (external radiation). Cancer Treatment

27. Radiation therapy (also called radiotherapy) Radiation therapy (also called radiotherapy) It can also come from an implant (a small container of radioactive material) placed directly into or near the tumor (internal radiation). Some patients receive both kinds of radiation therapy. It can also come from an implant (a small container of radioactive material) placed directly into or near the tumor (internal radiation). Some patients receive both kinds of radiation therapy. Cancer Treatment

28. Cancer Prevention Healthy lifestyle Healthy lifestyle Exercise and proper breathing Exercise and proper breathing Balanced diet Balanced diet Complete rest and sleep Complete rest and sleep Water (8 to 10 glasses daily) Water (8 to 10 glasses daily) Eating Fruit on an empty stomach Eating Fruit on an empty stomach