3. We learnt what are forests, trees, bintrees, binary search trees. And some operation on the tree i.e. insertion, deletion, traversing What we learnt

4. Our new topic

5. Optimal Binary search Trees

6. In this chapter there is no insertion no deletion Today we `ll need only one tree its possible combination so that we can find out the best one from it

7. For this we need o know what are binary search trees We`ll get a quick review about the binary search trees

8. Binary search trees are simple binary trees with only difference that it is a sorted binary tree The root may contain any value But the left subtree contains value less than the root value And the right sub tree contains value greater than the root value And left and right subtree are itself binary search trees

9. A sorted list (array) can be searched by using binary search We divide the list in half and search And we divide it again and repeat the process 12345678910 Greater than 5less than 6 Comparing bst with sorted array

10. 4627135 Less than 4 Greater than 4 Searching in a binary search tree

11. To search a tree we have two methods 1. Itersearch (which is the iteration method) 2. search (which is a recurrsive function) Itersearch is similar to binary search

12. Suppose we take a binary tree on a sorted list (5,10,15) 515 10 Although this tree is full it may not be a optimal bst What if I never search for 10 but only for 15 ……., I have to do 2 comparisions all the time Soo itz not optimal for my requirement

13. 10 5 5 15 5 5 10 5 5 15 10 15 5 5 10 5 5 15 Possible bst Root 10 Root 5 Root 15 Root 5

14. If U R given a set of nos {5, 10, 15, 20, 25} there are many binary search trees that can b formed For eg 1525 520 10 5 25 10 15 20 Fig a Fig b

15. Give your opinion ! So which one tree will be the most optimal(desirable) for any search ????? 1525 520 10 5 25 10 15 20 Fig a Fig b

16. Whatever may be your answer Itz wrong !!!!!! B`coz` we cant decide it until we know the probablity that how much times a number is searched

17. Difference between fig a and fig b * Fig a This tree requires atmost 4 comparisions Fig b This tree requires atmost 3 comparisions If we consider the worst case i.e. for 15 fig.b is more desirable *Considering each element has equal probablity *every search is a successful search 5 25 10 15 20 1525 520 10 Compr 1 Compr 2 Compr 3 Compr 4 Fig.a Fig.b

18. Fig a 1 st comparison with 10 2 nd with 25 3 rd with 20 4 th with 15 Total 4 comparisons Avg no. of comparisons 1+2+2+3+4 = 2.4 5 Fig b 1 st comparison with 10 2 nd with 20 3 rd with 15 Total 3 comparisons Avg no. of comparisons 1+2+2+3+3 = 2.2 5 Hence for equal probability Fig.b is more desireable

19. If probablity of the elements are different ? P(5) =0.3 (prob of searching 5) P(10)=0.3 (prob of searching 10) P(15)=0.05 (prob of searching 15) P(20)=0.05 (prob of searching 20) P(25)=0.3 (prob of searching 25)

20. Fig a. Avg no of comparisons =1.85 Fig a has low cost Fig. b Avg no of comparisons =2.05 Fig b has more cost Soo the probability of searching a particular element does affects the cost Now fig a seems to be desirable

21. Now we understood why we need and optimal bst Starting with our topic OBST

22. When dealing with obst An optimal binary search tree is a binary search tree for which the nodes are arranged on levels such that the tree cost is minimum An optimal binary search tree is a binary search tree for which the nodes are arranged on levels such that the tree cost is minimum In each binary tree there are NULL links at the leaf node, and they are denoted by square nodes A tree with n nodes will have (n+1) NULL links

23. The square nodes are called as External nodes, b`coz`they are not a part of the tree The inner round nodes are called as Internal nodes Each time we search a element which is not in the tree the search ends at External nodes Hence external nodes are also called as failure nodes A tree with external nodes is called as extended binary tree

24. Extended binary trees 15 25 520 10 5 25 10 15 20 Fig bFig a

25. Path length affects the cost Internal path length: - sum of path length of each internal node External path length: - sum of path length of each external node

26. . 5 25 10 15 20 L=0 L=1 L=2 L=3 L=4 Internal path length I=0+1+1+2+3=7 External path length E=2+2+2+3+4+4=17 E=I+2 (no of nodes) Tree with max E will have max I

27. 1 – the key is found, so the corresponding weight ‘p’ is incremented; 2 – the key is not found, so the corresponding ‘q’value is incremented.

28. Cost of a bst when the searches are successful Probability of node i Level of node i

29. Cost of a bst when the searches are unsuccessful

30. Total cost

31. Understanding obst with an example

32. k2 k1k4 k3k5 d0d1 d2d3d4d5 k2 k1k5 k4 k3 d0d1 d2d3 d4 d5 Figure (a) i012345 Pi Knode 0.150.100.050.100.20 Qi dnode 0.050.100.05 0.10 Figure (b)

33. Node#Depthprobabilitycost k110.150.30 k200.10 k320.050.15 k410.100.20 K520.200.60 d020.050.15 d130.100.30 d230.050.20 d330.050.20 d430.050.20 d530.100.40 Cost= Probability * (Depth+1) We can calculate the expected search cost node by node: Cost= Probability * (Depth+1)

34. And the total cost = (0.30 + 0.10 + 0.15 + 0.20 + 0.60 + 0.15 + 0.30 + 0.20 + 0.20 + 0.20 + 0.40 ) = 2.80 (Fig a) So Figure (a)(complete bst) costs 2.80,on another, the Figure (b) costs 2.75, and that tree is really optimal.

35. We can see the height of (b) is more than (a), and the key k5 has the greatest search probability of any key, yet the root of the OBST shown is k2.(The lowest expected cost of any BST with k5 at the root is 2.85) k2 k1k5 k4 k3 d0d1 d2d3 d4 d5 Figure (b)

36. So itz not necessary that always the key with highest probablityshould be the root

37. Going in depth of obst

38. Property of an obst Sub tree Sub tree Sub tree Sub tree Sub tree Sub tree Sub tree Sub tree Optimal

39. To find the OBST, our idea is to decide its root, and also the root of each subtree To help our discussion, we define : Ei,j = expected time searching keys in (k i ; d j) Real nodes from 1 - 5dummy nodes from 0 - 5

40. Deciding Root of OBST E[i,j] = minr { Ei,r-1 + Er+1,j + wi,j } Here r lies between i and j Corollary: Let r be the parameter that minimizes { Ei,r-1 + Er+1,j + wi,j } Then the root of the OBST for keys ( ki, ki+1, …, kj; di-1, di, …, dj ) should be set to kr

41. Computing E i,j Define a function Compute_E(i,j) as follows: Compute_E(i, j) /* Finding Ei,j */ 1. if (i == j+1) return qj; /* Exp time with key dj */ 2. min = 1; 3. for (r = i, i+1, …, j) { g = Compute_E(i,r-1) + Compute_E(r+1,j) + wi,j ; if (g <min) min = g; } 4. return min ;

42. Remarks A slight change in the algorithm allows us to get the root of each subtree, and thus the structure of OBST (how?) The powerful technique of storing computed is called Dynamic Programming Knuth observed a further property so that we can compute OBST in O(n2) time (search wiki for more information)

43. Any questions?

44. Thank Queue