1. Amplitude Variation with Offset (AVO) Theory & Applications

2. Introduction When a wave encounters an interface, part of its energy is reflected while the other part is transmitted (refracted) to the other medium. When a wave encounters an interface, part of its energy is reflected while the other part is transmitted (refracted) to the other medium. At the interface, a wave of a specific mode (e.g., P- wave) may produce other modes (e.g., SV-wave). At the interface, a wave of a specific mode (e.g., P- wave) may produce other modes (e.g., SV-wave). An incident P- or SV-wave produces the following four modes: An incident P- or SV-wave produces the following four modes: –Reflected P- & SV-waves. –Refracted P- & SV-waves. An incident SH-wave produces the following two modes: An incident SH-wave produces the following two modes: –A reflected SH-wave. –A refracted SH-wave.

3. Snell’s Law V P1 V SV1 V P2 V SV2 θ Pi θ SVr θ Pr θ Pt θ SVt V P1 : P-wave velocity in incident medium V SV1 : SV-wave velocity in incident medium V P2 : P-wave velocity in refraction medium V SV2 : P-wave velocity in refraction medium p: ray parameter