2. Mi öröklődik a géneken kívül? Szathmáry Eörs Eötvös University Collegium Budapest

3. Units of evolution hereditary traits affecting survival and/or reproduction 1.multiplication 2.heredity 3.variation

4. The formose ‘reaction’ formaldehyde glycolaldehyde autocatalysis Butlerow, 1861

5. The reductive citric acid cycle

6. Von Kiedrowski’s replicator

7. Peptide replicator networks

8. Classification of replicators Limited heredity Unlimited heredity Holisticformose ModularVon Kiedrowski genes Limited(# of individuals)  (# of types) Unlimited(# of individuals) << (# of types)

9. King (1980): evolution of the coenzymes He looked at the metabolic maps then Coenzymes looked auto- and cross-catalytic BUT the situation is slightly more complicated The idea nicely links to the assumed primitive ancestry of coenzymes (related to the idea of the RNA world)

10. An autocatalytic cycle in the given environment

11. Although A is autocatalytic, it is not strictly needed Dependent on the environment!

12. Autocatalysis of the pair (A, B) is more complicated, but easy to see

13. If this is big, you may not realize the autocatalysts

14. The basic question Could one kick-start metabolism just with external molecules and macromolecules (genes an enzymes)? Influx  buildup of metabolism?

15. Metabolic networks

16. Membrane heredity

17. Principle of membrane heredity

18. Prions

19. Strain-specific prion propagation

20. Yeast and fungal amyloid prions

21. Epigenetic inheritance 1.Structural inheritance (e.g. cortical inheritance in ciliates) 2.Autocatalytic gene activity 3.Chromatin marking (e.g. methylation)

22. Genetic and epigenetics

23. Regulation of gene expression by constitutive expression of a protein After division the state is inherited because enough protein is around

24. Stable and unstable epigenetic markings

25. Inheritance of DNA methylation patterns

26. Linaria flower inheritance

27. Linaria (gyújtoványfű) A naturally occurring mutant of Linaria vulgaris, originally described more than 250 years ago by Linnaeus, in which the fundamental symmetry of the flower is changed from bilateral to radial. The mutant carries a defect in Lcyc, a homologue of the cycloidea gene which controls dorsoventral asymmetry in Antirrhinum. The Lcyc gene is extensively methylated and transcriptionally silent in the mutant. This modification is heritable and co-segregates with the mutant phenotype. Occasionally the mutant reverts phenotypically during somatic development, correlating with demethylation of Lcyc and restoration of gene expression. It is surprising that the first natural morphological mutant to be characterized should trace to methylation, given the rarity of this mutational mechanism in the laboratory. This indicates that epigenetic mutations may play a more significant role in evolution than has hitherto been suspected.

28. Somatic instability of peloric plants

29. Types of transmitted variation

30. Language is not Weismannian germ soma germDNA protein DNA protein germ Neural representation sentence Neural representation

31. Chimpanzee culture Each chimpanzee community has its own unique array of traditions that together constitute the local ‘culture’. ‘Customary’ acts are those typical in the community, ‘habitual’ ones are less common but consistent with social transmission, and ‘absent’ acts are those missing with no apparent straightforward environmental explanation. Traditions are defined as behaviour patterns that are customary or habitual in at least one site but absent elsewhere. Transmission is attributed to social learning on the basis of a complex of circumstantial evidence, ranging from intense observation by juveniles to distributions inconsistent with alternative explanations.

32. The cultures of wild chimpanzees

33. The different social conventions of neighbours: the grooming hand-clasp

34. Tool-set for harvesting termites

35. Selective copying

36. Why is language so interesting? Because everybody knows that only we talk …although other animals may understand a number of words Language makes long-term cumulative cultural evolution possible A novel type of inheritance system with showing “unlimited hereditary” potential

37. Design features of language Compositionality (meaning dependent on how parts are combined) Recursion (phrases within phrases) Symbolicism (versus icons and indices) Cultural transmission (rather than genetic) SYMBOLIC REFERENCE and SYNTAX

38. Three interwoven processes Note the different time-scales involved Cultural transmission: language transmits itself as well as other things, has its own dynamics