1. Chemistry 2 Lecture 4 Quantitative MO Theory for Beginners: Cyclic  Systems

2. Learning outcomes Recall and apply the 4n+2 rule for aromaticity Recognize and interpret the polygon mnemonic for the energy levels of a conjugated cyclic compound. Be able to apply molecular orbital theory as a model for the electronic structure of a conjugated ring molecule (given equation for E j ). Be able to predict the number of π electrons and the presence of conjugation in a ring containing carbon and/or heteroatoms such as nitrogen and oxygen. Be able to convert between energy and spectroscopic units (J, eV, Hz and nm) Assumed knowledge

3. “The particle on a ring” j = 0 j = 1 j = 2 j = 3 n = 1 n = 2 n = 3 n = 4 All singly degenerateDoubly degenerate above j=0 box ring

4. Interacting  orbitals 1.The extent of orbital mixing is given by the integral The 2p orbital on one atom can interact with the 2p from the other atom. Since they have the same energy this mixing is complete.

5. 2p A 2p B     Interacting  orbitals  

6.  is known as the Coulomb integral and takes account of the self energy of an orbital and the attractive potential of the other nuclei. Since this is attractive, the Coulomb integral is negative. At large interatomic distances, the value of this integral is the atomic orbital energy, which is also negative. r The Coulomb integral, 

7.  is a measure the strength of the bonding interaction as a result of the overlap of orbitals  2pA and  2pB. It is negative (attractive) where the orbitals constructively overlap, and is zero at large separation. The Resonance integral,  r

8. 2p A 2p B     Interacting  orbitals   When two p-orbitals interact, they are split by 2 . The bonding orbital has an energy of  + , where both integrals are negative.

9.  MOs of Benzene Maybe we can model the  -electrons as orbitals multiplied by waves?

10.  MOs of Benzene cos(1  ) sin(1  ) cos(0  ) cos(2  ) sin(2  ) cos(3  )   where is sin(3  )??

11. 11 22 33 44 55 66 this is here to keep the total “probability” to 1 this is the particle-on-a-ring wave these are the unhybridized 2p orbitals also MOs on a ring Construct MOs as atomic orbitals multiplied by the particle-on-a-ring wavefunctions.

12. orbital energies Coefficients of p orbitals given by Particle-on-a-ring wavefunction for benzene, see appendix for derivation

13.  orbitals of benzene The six p orbitals all have the same energy … interact and mix     j = 1 j = 0 j = 2 j = 3

14. a geometrical mnemonic  22 22 2  /6 j = 1 j = 0 j = 2 j = 3 11 22 33 44 55 66    

15. a geometrical mnemonic for N-membered rings    cyclopropenyl radical cyclobutadiene cyclopentadienyl radical benzene

16. a geometrical mnemonic for N-membered rings centred at , radius=     4n, n = 1 4n+3, n = 0 4n+1, n = 1 4n+2, n = 1 4n+2 membered rings are stable, and are refered to as aromatic.

17. benzene Question : what is the energy of the HOMO- LUMO transition, given the formula for the energy levels? j = 0 j = 1 j = 2 Answer: We find that the transition is from j = 1 to j = 2. Substituting, The HOMO-LUMO transition is -2 . ?

18. benzene Question : from the calculated expression of the HOMO-LUMO transition, calculate an experimental value for the resonance integral, , taking 1) the intense transition in the figure for calibration, 2) the lowest energy transition for calibration. j = 0 j = 1 j = 2 j = 3 Answer: The calculated energy of the HOMO-LUMO transition is -2 . This corresponds to photons of wavelength around 180 nm, for the intense transition, or 260nm for the lowest transition. Thus, -2  = hc/(180×10 -9 ) = 1.10×10 -19 J = 6.89 eV  = -3.44 eV or  = -2.38 eV Hiraya and Shobatake, J. Chem. Phys. 94, 7700 (1991) 260 nm 180 nm

19. annulenes Question : [14]-annulene and [16]- annulene are pictured. Which is aromatic? Answer: The 4n+2 rule applies to [14]- annulene, n=3, but not [16]-annulene, which is antiaromatic. [14]-annulene[16]-annulene [18]-annulene Question : How many  -electrons in [18]- annulene? What are the values of j for the HOMO and the LUMO? Answer: There are 18  -electrons, so the transition is from j = 4 to j = 5. (draw a picture)

20. annulenes [18]-annulene Question : Predict the lowest energy at which [18]-annulene might absorb strongly, given your smaller calculated value for  from benzene. Answer: This corresponds to 750 nm, or 13300 cm -1, which is a value supported by experiment.

21. some annulene  -MOs

22. Summary By multiplying the unhybridized 2p orbitals by the particle-on-a-ring wave, one obtains molecular orbitals for cyclic  -systems. This gives an energy formula which can be easily remembered by drawing a polygon centred on  with radius 2 .

23. Next lecture Vibrational spectroscopy: the simple harmonic oscillator Week 10 tutorials Particle in a box approximation –you solve the Schrödinger equation.

24. Practice Questions 1.Benzene absorbs at 260 nm, corresponding to the HOMO – LUMO transition. (a)What is the spectroscopic value of β in eV and Joules. (b)Calculate the total energy of the π electrons in benzene using this value (c)An isolated C=C π bond has energy σ + β. What is the total energy of the π electrons in three C=C bonds (d)Using your answer to (b) and (c), what is the aromatization energy? 2.Draw a circle and inscribe an equilateral triangle inside such that one vertex lies at the 6 o’clock position. The points at which the two figures touch are the π energy levels. 3.Repeat for 4, 5 and 6 membered rings.

25. Appendix The following is a derivation of the energy formula for molecular orbitals on a ring.

26. 11 22 33 44 55 66 Since the sin and cos wavefunctions are degenerate, we may make linear combinations of these to make new solutions. It will simplify the mathematics to use these complex forms of the wavefunctions. We can now distinguish between the two degenerate solutions as ±j, which is like going around the ring one way, or the other. complex wavefunctions

27. energies   The interaction between an orbital and itself is , the Coulomb integral. The interaction between an orbital and an adjacent one is the Resonance integral, . The interaction between non-adjacent orbitals is ignored. ignored

28. energies neighbours to the left to the right