1. UNIT 4: VERBS

2. PERFECT TENSE Present Perfect: Action begun in the past and continues to the present  I (have, had) chopped wood every Tuesday for three years. Past Perfect: Action in the past that preceded another past action  I (have, had) chopped wood every Tuesday until I bought a chain saw. Future Perfect: Action in future time in relation to another time even further in the future  By 2015, I (would have, will have) chopped enough wood to heat six houses.

3. SUBJUNCTIVE Dependent clauses expressing a condition that is untrue or contrary to fact.  If I (was, were) happy, I would laugh.  If I (were, had been) happy, I would have laughed.  If Holmes (had, would have) arrived, he would have seen the rocket.  Do not use WOULD in a subjunctive/if clause!!!! PresentIf I were sickIf I arrive on time PastIf I had been sickIf I had arrived on time FutureIf I were hereIf he arrives on time

4. TRANSITIVE/INTRANSITIVE  I like (lying, laying) my head in a pile of sand when I am (lying, laying) on the beach.  I (lay, laid) the book on the table and (lay, laid) down on the couch.  Intransitive: rise/sit  Transitive: raise/set Lie –intransitiveLay – transitive PresentLIELAY PastLAYLAID Past ParticipleLAINLAID Present ParticipleLYINGLAYING