1. Switched Storage Architecture Benefits Computer Measurements Group November 14 th, 2002 Yves Coderre

2. Evolution of Technology

3. Disk Technology

5. RAID Technology 19905.25 ” 1GB3600 RPM 19925.25 ” 3-9GB5400 RPM 1996Various18-36GB7200 RPM 1998Various72GB10K RPM 2000Various180GB15K RPM

6. IOPS Measurements Rotational Speed Seek and Latency Linear and Spatial density RAID Protection Read/Write ratio Cache Hits

7. Theoretical Calculation Theoretical IOPS of a Spindle IOPS = 1000/(Average Seek + Latency) Average Seek =  (Ws + Rs)/2 Latency (ms) =  (1000/RPS)/2 Computes to 2.99ms for 10,025 RPM Drives Computes to 2.00ms for 15,00 RPM Drives Ex: 1000/(5.7ms + 2.99) =  115 IOPS

8. Practical Calculation Accounting for R/W Ratio & Read Hits IOPS = 1000/[(Rs+L)*Rm*Read% + (Ws+L)*Write%] Taking into account the # of Spindles/Raid Group, the Raid Penalty and type of workload, one can easily Calculate the #of Spindles required to process a given Number of IOPS for a given workload type.

9. Sample Calculation 10,000 IOPS, 3/1 R/W Ratio @ 70% Read Hits, 100% Spindle Busy 10K RPM Drives (Rd Seek 5.2ms, Wr Seek 6.0ms) RAID 5 (3+1): 16 Array Groups (64 Drives) RAID 1 (2+2): 13 Array Groups (52 Drives)

10. Sample Calculation 10,000 IOPS, 3/1 R/W Ratio @ 70% Read Hits, 100% Spindle Busy 10K RPM Drives (Rd Seek 5.2ms, Wr Seek 6.0ms) RAID 5 (3+1): 16 Array Groups (64 Drives) RAID 1 (2+2): 13 Array Groups (52 Drives) 15K RPM Drives (Rd Seek 3.9ms, Wr Seek 4.5ms) RAID 5 (3+1): 11 Array Groups (44 Drives) RAID 1 (2+2): 10 Array Groups (40 Drives)

11. Channel Technology 1990Block Mux3-4.5 MB/Sec 1993ESCON17 MB/Sec

12. Channel Technology 1990Block Mux3-4.5 MB/Sec 1993ESCON17 MB/Sec 1996Fibre Channel100 MB/Sec 1998Fibre Channel200 MB/Sec

13. Channel Technology 1990Block Mux3-4.5 MB/Sec 1993ESCON17 MB/Sec 1996Fibre Channel100 MB/Sec 1998Fibre Channel200 MB/Sec 2000FICON100 MB/Sec 2002FICON200 MB/Sec

14. Channel Connectivity 199016 BMUX72 MB/Sec 199316 ESCON272 MB/Sec

15. Channel Connectivity 199016 BMUX72 MB/Sec 199316 ESCON272 MB/Sec 199532 ESCON544 MB/Sec 199632 Fibre3.2 GB/Sec

16. Channel Connectivity 199016 BMUX72 MB/Sec 199316 ESCON272 MB/Sec 199532 ESCON544 MB/Sec 199632 Fibre3.2 GB/Sec 200032 FICON3.2 GB/Sec 200264 FICON6.4 GB/Sec

17. Disk Subsystems 19903880, 3990 with Attached Disk 1991ICDA Technology4GB-32GB

18. Disk Subsystems 19903880, 3990 with Attached Disk 1991ICDA Technology4GB-32GB 1993ICDA512GB 1995ICDA1TB

19. Disk Subsystems 19903880, 3990 with Attached Disk 1991ICDA Technology4GB-32GB 1993ICDA512GB 1995ICDA1TB 1997RAID Subsystems5TB 2000RAID Subsystems75TB

20. IO Intensity Factors Disk Technology 5 MB to 180 GB Capacity 3600 to 15,000 RPM RAID Technology 5.25 ” to 3.5 ” to 1 ” (1GB to 180GB)

21. IO Intensity Factors Disk Technology 5 MB to 180 GB Capacity 3600 to 15,000 RPM RAID Technology 5.25 ” to 3.5 ” to 1 ” (1GB to 180GB) Channel Bandwidth & Connectivity 3.5 MB/Sec to 200MB/Sec, 64 Ports Disk Subsystems evolution 1 GB to 100 TB High Performance Subsystem

22. Growth Trends Demand for bandwidth is growing faster than capacity requirements

23. Shared Bus Architecture

24. Switch Architecture 2000 “(…) the most innovative technology), which built a SAN rather than a backbone bus into its Storage Sub-Systems to deliver exceptional performance and capacity flexibility.” Bob Zimmerman, Giga Group “The company’s new Switch Architecture further demonstrated their commitment to technological innovation and business- enabling solutions, and redefines the industry standard, once again.” Jack Scott, Evaluator Group, Inc.

25. Switched Fabric Architecture 3.2GB/s Control 3.2GB/s Control 3.2GB/s Data 3.2GB/s Data 100 Mhz x 2 Bytes = 200MB/Sec 200MB/Sec x 16 Paths = 3.2GB/Sec

26. Switch Architecture64GBCache 32 Hosts Connections: FC, Escon, FICON, iSCSI, NAS 32 Cache Connections 5 GB/s Bandwidth 5 GB/s Bandwidth Shared Memory - HSN 1) 4 paths / (CHA/DKA) 2) 32 paths / SM(Each side) Frequency : 166MHz Cache-HSN 1) 2 paths / (CHA/DKA) 2) 8 paths / (CSW for CHA/DKA) 3) 8 paths / (CSW for Cache) 4) 8 paths / (Cache) 5) 32 paths / DKC(CSW-Cache) 6) 16 paths / Cluster(CSW-Cache) 7) 32 paths / DKC (CHA/DKA-CSW) 8) 16 paths / Cluster (CHA/DKA-CSW) Frequency : 166MHz Up to 32 FC-AL backend paths 166 Mhz x 2 Bytes = 332MB/Sec 332MB/S x 32 Paths = 10.6GB/Sec Data Bandwidth Control

27. Paradigm Shift

28. Tangible Benefits Reduced Total Cost of Ownership Enables Massive Consolidation & Centralization Reduced complexity by simplifying storage networking environments with fewer switches, connections Simplified management Simplified and automated tools reduces time spend managing storage: people can be re-deployed for other tasks. Reduced software licensing and maintenance Through improved capacity utilization: less capacity then lower licensing and maintenance –One 6TB versus three 4TB –$700K plus Improved Environmental Costs Reduced floor space, power, cooling

29. Network Management Requires Open Standards-Based Approach Exchanging APIs leads to a growing web of proprietary interfaces Storage networks require an object-based Common Information Model (CIM), for management of mixed environments Web-Based Enterprise Management (WBEM), provides a standard management interface for existing Web servers CIM/WBEM is an industry accepted specification that provides a truly open and adaptive standard for heterogeneous storage management Software vendors write to an open interface No need for proprietary commitments Hardware vendors provide a common object- based management interface that still enables them to provide differentiation IHV 1 ISV 1 ISV 2 ISVn IHV 2 IHVn CIM ISV1ISV2ISVn IHV1IHV2IHVn CIM/WBEM ISV1ISV2ISVn IHV1IHV2IHVn

30. The Importance of a Message Bus A CIM object enables ISVs to code to a common interface However, ISVs still need to communicate with each other to reduce management complexity A Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) message bus provides a standard interface for communication between ISV products New Application Framework should be based on a CIM/SOAP management message bus. CIM/WBEM ISV1ISV2ISVn IHV1IHV2IHVn CIM/WBEM ISV1ISV2ISVn IHV1IHV2IHVn Management Message Bus: CIM/SOAP

31. High Performance, Open Computing Computer Measurements Group Thank You Yves Coderre