2. K8K8 ©2003 K8 Ltd slide 1 Keynote Paper: Contaminated Sites WasteMINZ, Nelson 2003 Historic part: Managing Contaminated Sites in Europe from a Dutch Perspective; Application Part: Moving from Selling Certainties to Managing Uncertainties

3. K8K8 ©2003 K8 Ltd slide 2 Background Drs Ben Keet Free University of Amsterdam : Physics & Hydrogeology Work experience 5 years Ass. Lect. Physics & Groundwater Models 5 years Shell International : UK, Algeria, Gabon, London 16 years Geo & Hydro: New Zealand, Australia, US, Europe  Proj. manager 2500 site assessments, 1500 remediations  Design & manage : 400 in situ & biological remediations

4. K8K8 ©2003 K8 Ltd slide 3 Europe Site identification progressing Development of investigation and remedial tools Integration –Partnering with project developers –Sustainable Land Management Emerging emphasis shift Macro  Micro contaminants

5. K8K8 ©2003 K8 Ltd slide 4 Holland Lekkerkerk made 1980 year ‘0’ YearNo. SitesCosts‘clean’= 19814,000400 Million“A” 1988111,00011 Billion“A” 1997350,00036 Billion“A” 199918 Billion“S – I“

6. K8K8 ©2003 K8 Ltd slide 5 NZ 1997: 7000  2002: 70.000+ Plate from Bateman Contemporary Atlas New Zealand

7. K8K8 ©2003 K8 Ltd slide 6 Aim of Remediation 1980“B” level (at discretion of govt.) 1984“A” level (standard guideline) 1989Isolate or “A” level 1993 Re-use of A+ cont. soil permitted 1995Aim = make site fit for intended use & add Active Soil Management 2003Decision model dep. on land use

8. K8K8 ©2003 K8 Ltd slide 7 Role of Government 1980Organizes, Finances, Manages and makes Legislation 1985Decentralization to Reg./City councils 1995intro: Polluter Pays Principle 1996Govt still pays 75% of all remediation 2002Large (and complex) subsidy schemes set up to encourage private participation

9. K8K8 ©2003 K8 Ltd slide 8 Industry Participation Remedial action based on financial incentive Area schemes –Historical areas: mining / tanning /zinc smelting Branch related actions –Fuel  SUBAT –Railways –Gasworks

10. K8K8 ©2003 K8 Ltd slide 9 Example trade scheme: SUBAT Project Management Organization (Co-op) Contracts all consultants & contractors Own central expertise Funded by members + extra fuel tax 10 year ‘life’ 1991 – 2001 Closed / Remediated 1000 service stations Total cost 1.5 Billion $NZ

11. K8K8 ©2003 K8 Ltd slide 10 What we know is not much What we know we don’t know is limited But what don’t we know we don’t know ? Uncertainties

12. K8K8 ©2003 K8 Ltd slide 11 Groups of Uncertainties 1.Initial conditions  Heterogeneity : soil / contaminants / time  ESA not made with alternative remediation in mind 2.Effect of chosen remedial technique(s) 3.Quality of implementation 4.Changes in legislation

13. K8K8 ©2003 K8 Ltd slide 12 Detection limit 2010200019901980197019601950,001,01,1 1 10 EVOLUTION OF DETECTION LIMIT micro nano pico femto 10E-9 10E-12 10E-15 10E-18 ‘Contamination only exists when it can be analyzed

14. K8K8 ©2003 K8 Ltd slide 13 ES PFOS: perfluorooctanesulfonate

15. K8K8 ©2003 K8 Ltd slide 14 Phase-out of PFOS 3M recently announced its phase-out of Scotchgard products after it was found that its primary ingredient - a fluorinated compound called perfluorooctanyl sulfonate (PFOS) - was found in all tested blood bank examinations. 3M research had found that the substance showed strong tendencies to persist and bioaccumulate in animal and human tissue. average concentrationsfish bloodsurface waters Lake biwa345 µg/L7.4 ng/L Tokyo Bay172 µg/L26 ng/L Osaka Bay100 µg/L12 ng/L Seto Inland Sea29 µg/L<4.3 ng/L Ariake Bay28 µg/L9.0 ng/L

16. K8K8 ©2003 K8 Ltd slide 15 Insect repellent Pesticides /herbicides Solvents Fire retardants PAH's Reproductive hormones Other prescription drugs Fragrances Antioxidants Disinfectants Antibiotics Nonprescription drugs Plasticizers Steroids Detergent metabolites Composition of organic wastewater contaminants in surface waters in the U.S. in 1999-2000 Are we looking at the right compounds ?

17. K8K8 ©2003 K8 Ltd slide 16 Risk evaluation

18. K8K8 ©2003 K8 Ltd slide 17

19. K8K8 ©2003 K8 Ltd slide 18 Coffee and chocolate

20. K8K8 ©2003 K8 Ltd slide 19 Caffeine degradates

21. K8K8 ©2003 K8 Ltd slide 20 incorporation

22. K8K8 ©2003 K8 Ltd slide 21 A humus molecule

23. K8K8 ©2003 K8 Ltd slide 22 INVENTORIES OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

24. K8K8 ©2003 K8 Ltd slide 23 Ranking Uncertainties First consider the Action options: Any uncertainty can only be: Removed Reduced Accepted

25. K8K8 ©2003 K8 Ltd slide 24 Characterizing Uncertainties Main properties: Nature Hardness Size Essence

26. K8K8 ©2003 K8 Ltd slide 25 Nature of Uncertainties Example: Legal Procedural Technical Economical Split further (e.g.. Technical) Distribution of Contaminants Heterogeneity of Soil Remedial Techniques Teken cirkel

27. K8K8 ©2003 K8 Ltd slide 26 Hardness of Uncertainties Determined by amount of effort to solve it May require: Lots of time Lots of resources Lots of money Types: Hard - Half Hard - Soft

28. K8K8 ©2003 K8 Ltd slide 27 Size of Uncertainties Is order of magnitude of uncertainty Often depends on given ranges: 1000 – 10.000 is large uncertainty 1000 – 1100 is small uncertainty When small often accepted as “calculated risk”

29. K8K8 ©2003 K8 Ltd slide 28 Essence of Uncertainties Level of essence of uncertainty: Essential: of vital importance Less essential: of minor importance Not essential: only nice to know Given graphically as position of uncertainty relative to center

30. K8K8 ©2003 K8 Ltd slide 29 Presentation Economie Technical Procedure Legal = = HARD = SOFT = HALF HARD = HARD AND SMALL = HARD AND LARGE

31. K8K8 ©2003 K8 Ltd slide 30 Example Legal Technical Procedural Uncertainty Disk applied to Remedial Decisions

32. K8K8 ©2003 K8 Ltd slide 31

33. K8K8 ©2003 K8 Ltd slide 32 How to use in practice ? Estimate the size of uncertainties Ask the experts The ' worst case' scenario approach Decision making in the presence of doubt = a learning process Q&A spel

34. K8K8 ©2003 K8 Ltd slide 33 Conclusion NZ is well placed due to existing o/s experience Uncertainties will be part of every decision process Aim of remediation and verification methods need to be very clear before projects start Poorly understood are: –Effects on Nature (incl. ourselves) –Assistance from Nature –Hidden Risks –Perception of Risk

35. K8K8 ©2003 K8 Ltd slide 34 Future Key elements of Contaminated Site Management will be: Integration in town and country planning Demonstrable action to the public Cost-effectiveness of solutions Sustainable land management