1. 1 5 Modeling Techniques A line manager states, “I know the Chinese say one picture is worth 1,000 words but these diagrams, there are so many that I’d prefer the words that could be ignored as a book too large to read.”

2. Copyright @2006, Michael McLaughlin2 Define 5 modeling techniques Original E-R Original E-R Extended E-R Extended E-R Information Engineering (IE) Information Engineering (IE) IDEF1X IDEF1X Unified Modeling Language (UML) Unified Modeling Language (UML)

3. Copyright @2006, Michael McLaughlin3 Original E-R Non-identifying Non-identifying One-to-one One-to-one One-to-many One-to-many Identifying Identifying One-to-one One-to-one One-to-many One-to-many Non-specific Non-specific Many-to-many Many-to-many

4. Copyright @2006, Michael McLaughlin4 Original E-R Non-identifying relations Non-identifying relations A non-identifying connection relationship shows a parent connected to a child by a solid line. A non-identifying connection relationship shows a parent connected to a child by a solid line. A diamond is superimposed on the line to describe the relationship. A diamond is superimposed on the line to describe the relationship. Both entities are rectangles. Both entities are rectangles. This example is a one-to-many binary relationship. This example is a one-to-many binary relationship. The minimum cardinality is one. The minimum cardinality is one. The maximum cardinality is many. The maximum cardinality is many. There is no way to determine a minimum cardinality below one or limit maximum cardinality. There is no way to determine a minimum cardinality below one or limit maximum cardinality.

5. Copyright @2006, Michael McLaughlin5 Original E-R Identifying relations Identifying relations An identifying connection relationship shows a parent connected to a child by a solid line. An identifying connection relationship shows a parent connected to a child by a solid line. A diamond is superimposed on the line to describe the relationship. A diamond is superimposed on the line to describe the relationship. The non-identified entity is a rectangle with square corners. The non-identified entity is a rectangle with square corners. The identified entity is a rectangle with rounded corners. The identified entity is a rectangle with rounded corners. This example is a one-to-many binary relationship. This example is a one-to-many binary relationship. The minimum cardinality is one. The minimum cardinality is one. The maximum cardinality is many. The maximum cardinality is many. There is no way to determine a minimum cardinality below one or limit maximum cardinality. There is no way to determine a minimum cardinality below one or limit maximum cardinality.

6. Copyright @2006, Michael McLaughlin6 Original E-R Non-specific relations Non-specific relations A logical connection relationship shows a parent connected to a child by a solid line. A logical connection relationship shows a parent connected to a child by a solid line. A diamond is superimposed on the line to describe the relationship. A diamond is superimposed on the line to describe the relationship. The relationship is a many-to- many or n:m relationship. The relationship is a many-to- many or n:m relationship. Non-specific relationships must be resolved to a either an identifying or non-identifying relationship. Non-specific relationships must be resolved to a either an identifying or non-identifying relationship. Non-specific relationships only exist in logical models. Non-specific relationships only exist in logical models. There is no way to determine a minimum cardinality below one or limit maximum cardinality. There is no way to determine a minimum cardinality below one or limit maximum cardinality.

7. Copyright @2006, Michael McLaughlin7 Extended E-R Non-identifying Non-identifying One-to-one One-to-one One-to-many One-to-many Identifying Identifying One-to-one One-to-one One-to-many One-to-many Non-specific Non-specific Many-to-many Many-to-many Subtype Subtype One or the other subtype One or the other subtype Any number of other subtypes Any number of other subtypes

8. Copyright @2006, Michael McLaughlin8 Extended E-R Non-identifying relations Non-identifying relations A non-identifying connection relationship shows a parent connected to a child by a solid line. A non-identifying connection relationship shows a parent connected to a child by a solid line. A diamond is superimposed on the line to describe the relationship. A diamond is superimposed on the line to describe the relationship. Both entities are rectangles. Both entities are rectangles. This example is a one-to-many binary relationship. This example is a one-to-many binary relationship. The minimum cardinality is one. The minimum cardinality is one. The maximum cardinality is many. The maximum cardinality is many. There is a way to determine minimum cardinality, as 0 or 1. There is a way to determine minimum cardinality, as 0 or 1. There is a way to set maximum cardinality, as many. There is a way to set maximum cardinality, as many.

9. Copyright @2006, Michael McLaughlin9 Extended E-R Identifying relations Identifying relations An identifying connection relationship shows a parent connected to a child by a solid line. An identifying connection relationship shows a parent connected to a child by a solid line. A diamond is superimposed on the line to describe the relationship. A diamond is superimposed on the line to describe the relationship. The non-identified entity is a rectangle with square corners. The non-identified entity is a rectangle with square corners. The identified entity is a rectangle with rounded corners. The identified entity is a rectangle with rounded corners. This example is a one-to-many binary relationship. This example is a one-to-many binary relationship. The minimum cardinality is one. The minimum cardinality is one. The maximum cardinality is many. The maximum cardinality is many. There is a way to determine minimum cardinality, as 0 or 1. There is a way to determine minimum cardinality, as 0 or 1. There is a way to set maximum cardinality, as many. There is a way to set maximum cardinality, as many.

10. Copyright @2006, Michael McLaughlin10 Extended E-R Non-specific relations Non-specific relations A logical connection relationship shows a parent connected to a child by a solid line. A logical connection relationship shows a parent connected to a child by a solid line. A diamond is superimposed on the line to describe the relationship. A diamond is superimposed on the line to describe the relationship. The relationship is a many-to- many or n:m relationship. The relationship is a many-to- many or n:m relationship. Non-specific relationships must be resolved to a either an identifying or non-identifying relationship. Non-specific relationships must be resolved to a either an identifying or non-identifying relationship. Non-specific relationships only exist in logical models. Non-specific relationships only exist in logical models. The minimum cardinality is one. The minimum cardinality is one. The maximum cardinality is many. The maximum cardinality is many. There is a way to determine minimum cardinality, as 0 or 1. There is a way to determine minimum cardinality, as 0 or 1. There is a way to set maximum cardinality, as many. There is a way to set maximum cardinality, as many.

11. Copyright @2006, Michael McLaughlin11 Extended E-R Subtype relations Subtype relations Subtypes represent an “is-a” or an Object-oriented (OO) inheritance relationship. Subtypes represent an “is-a” or an Object-oriented (OO) inheritance relationship. It is represented by nesting subtypes within a type, which is done by using an arc with a subset identifier. It is represented by nesting subtypes within a type, which is done by using an arc with a subset identifier. The identifier may be an m or a 1. The identifier may be an m or a 1. An identifier 1 means only one of the subtypes may exist. An identifier 1 means only one of the subtypes may exist. An identifier of m means any of the subtypes may exist concurrently in the data. An identifier of m means any of the subtypes may exist concurrently in the data. The  symbol means that all subtypes are elements of the parent set. The  symbol means that all subtypes are elements of the parent set.

12. Copyright @2006, Michael McLaughlin12 Information Engineering (IE) Non-identifying Non-identifying One-to-one One-to-one One-to-many One-to-many Identifying Identifying One-to-one One-to-one One-to-many One-to-many Non-specific Non-specific Many-to-many Many-to-many Subtype Subtype One or the other subtype One or the other subtype Any number of other subtypes Any number of other subtypes

13. Copyright @2006, Michael McLaughlin13 Information Engineering (IE) Non-identifying relations Non-identifying relations A non-identifying connection relationship shows a parent connected to a child by a solid line. A non-identifying connection relationship shows a parent connected to a child by a solid line. A single perpendicular line indicates a minimum cardinality of one. A single perpendicular line indicates a minimum cardinality of one. A single O indicates a minimum cardinality of zero. A single O indicates a minimum cardinality of zero. A greater or less than symbol next to an entity denotes many. A greater or less than symbol next to an entity denotes many. Both entities are rectangles. Both entities are rectangles. This example is a one-to-many binary relationship. This example is a one-to-many binary relationship.

14. Copyright @2006, Michael McLaughlin14 Information Engineering (IE) Identifying relations Identifying relations An identifying connection relationship shows a parent connected to a child by a solid line. An identifying connection relationship shows a parent connected to a child by a solid line. A single perpendicular line indicates a minimum cardinality of one. A single perpendicular line indicates a minimum cardinality of one. A single O indicates a minimum cardinality of zero. A single O indicates a minimum cardinality of zero. A greater or less than symbol next to an entity denotes many. A greater or less than symbol next to an entity denotes many. Both entities are rectangles. Both entities are rectangles. This example is a one-to-many binary relationship. This example is a one-to-many binary relationship.

15. Copyright @2006, Michael McLaughlin15 Information Engineering (IE) Non-specific relations Non-specific relations An identifying connection relationship shows a parent connected to a child by a solid line. An identifying connection relationship shows a parent connected to a child by a solid line. The relationship is a many-to- many or n:m relationship. The relationship is a many-to- many or n:m relationship. Non-specific relationships must be resolved to a either an identifying or non-identifying relationship. Non-specific relationships must be resolved to a either an identifying or non-identifying relationship. A single perpendicular line indicates a minimum cardinality of one. A single perpendicular line indicates a minimum cardinality of one. A single O indicates a minimum cardinality of zero. A single O indicates a minimum cardinality of zero. A greater or less than symbol next to an entity denotes many. A greater or less than symbol next to an entity denotes many. Both entities are rectangles. Both entities are rectangles. This example is a one-to-many binary relationship. This example is a one-to-many binary relationship.

16. Copyright @2006, Michael McLaughlin16 Information Engineering (IE) Subtype relations Subtype relations Subtypes represent an “is-a” or an Object-oriented (OO) inheritance relationship. Subtypes represent an “is-a” or an Object-oriented (OO) inheritance relationship. It is represented by nesting subtypes within a type. It is represented by nesting subtypes within a type. There is no means to depict and inclusive versus exclusive subtype. There is no means to depict and inclusive versus exclusive subtype.

17. Copyright @2006, Michael McLaughlin17 IDEF1X Non-identifying Non-identifying One-to-one One-to-one One-to-many One-to-many Identifying Identifying One-to-one One-to-one One-to-many One-to-many Non-specific Non-specific Many-to-many Many-to-many Categorization Categorization Partial categorization Partial categorization Full categorization Full categorization

18. Copyright @2006, Michael McLaughlin18 IDEF1X Non-identifying relations (default) Non-identifying relations (default) A non-identifying connection relationship shows a parent connected to a child by a dotted line. A non-identifying connection relationship shows a parent connected to a child by a dotted line. A filled dot without a code is unconstrained and indicates many. A filled dot without a code is unconstrained and indicates many. The default minimum cardinality is zero. The default minimum cardinality is zero. The default maximum cardinality is many. The default maximum cardinality is many.

19. Copyright @2006, Michael McLaughlin19 IDEF1X Non-identifying relations (Z) Non-identifying relations (Z) A non-identifying connection relationship shows a parent connected to a child by a dotted line with a Z denotation. A non-identifying connection relationship shows a parent connected to a child by a dotted line with a Z denotation. A filled dot indicates a relation is constrained by the Z. A filled dot indicates a relation is constrained by the Z. The default minimum cardinality is zero. The default minimum cardinality is zero. The default maximum cardinality is one. The default maximum cardinality is one.

20. Copyright @2006, Michael McLaughlin20 IDEF1X Non-identifying relations (P) Non-identifying relations (P) A non-identifying connection relationship shows a parent connected to a child by a dotted line with a P denotation. A non-identifying connection relationship shows a parent connected to a child by a dotted line with a P denotation. A filled dot indicates a relation is constrained by the P. A filled dot indicates a relation is constrained by the P. The minimum cardinality is 1. The minimum cardinality is 1. The default maximum cardinality is many. The default maximum cardinality is many.

21. Copyright @2006, Michael McLaughlin21 IDEF1X Non-identifying relations (1) Non-identifying relations (1) A non-identifying connection relationship shows a parent connected to a child by a dotted line with a 1 denotation. A non-identifying connection relationship shows a parent connected to a child by a dotted line with a 1 denotation. A filled dot indicates a relation is constrained by the 1. A filled dot indicates a relation is constrained by the 1. The minimum cardinality is 1. The minimum cardinality is 1. The maximum cardinality is 1. The maximum cardinality is 1.

22. Copyright @2006, Michael McLaughlin22 IDEF1X Identifying relations (default) Identifying relations (default) An identifying connection relationship shows a parent connected to a child by a solid line. An identifying connection relationship shows a parent connected to a child by a solid line. A filled dot without a code is unconstrained and indicates many. A filled dot without a code is unconstrained and indicates many. The default minimum cardinality is zero. The default minimum cardinality is zero. The default maximum cardinality is many. The default maximum cardinality is many.

23. Copyright @2006, Michael McLaughlin23 IDEF1X Identifying relations (Z) Identifying relations (Z) An identifying connection relationship shows a parent connected to a child by a solid line with a Z denotation. An identifying connection relationship shows a parent connected to a child by a solid line with a Z denotation. A filled dot indicates a relation is constrained by the Z. A filled dot indicates a relation is constrained by the Z. The default minimum cardinality is zero. The default minimum cardinality is zero. The default maximum cardinality is one. The default maximum cardinality is one.

24. Copyright @2006, Michael McLaughlin24 IDEF1X Identifying relations (P) Identifying relations (P) An identifying connection relationship shows a parent connected to a child by a solid line with a P denotation. An identifying connection relationship shows a parent connected to a child by a solid line with a P denotation. A filled dot indicates a relation is constrained by the P. A filled dot indicates a relation is constrained by the P. The minimum cardinality is 1. The minimum cardinality is 1. The default maximum cardinality is many. The default maximum cardinality is many.

25. Copyright @2006, Michael McLaughlin25 IDEF1X Identifying relations (1) Identifying relations (1) An identifying connection relationship shows a parent connected to a child by a solid line with a 1 denotation. An identifying connection relationship shows a parent connected to a child by a solid line with a 1 denotation. A filled dot indicates a relation is constrained by the 1. A filled dot indicates a relation is constrained by the 1. The minimum cardinality is 1. The minimum cardinality is 1. The maximum cardinality is 1. The maximum cardinality is 1.

26. Copyright @2006, Michael McLaughlin26 IDEF1X Non-specific relations Non-specific relations An IDEF1X non-specific relationship is a many-to-many relationship. An IDEF1X non-specific relationship is a many-to-many relationship. The connection relationship shows an entity connected to an entity by a solid line. The connection relationship shows an entity connected to an entity by a solid line. The filled circle is next to both sibling entities. The filled circle is next to both sibling entities. Many-to-many binary relationships must be converted to two one-to- many relationships when implemented. Many-to-many binary relationships must be converted to two one-to- many relationships when implemented.

27. Copyright @2006, Michael McLaughlin27 IDEF1X Partial categorization relations Partial categorization relations A partial category or subtype in IDEF1X represents a “is-a” or an Object-oriented (OO) inheritance relationship. A partial category or subtype in IDEF1X represents a “is-a” or an Object-oriented (OO) inheritance relationship. It is represented by using a category symbol, which is a circle with a single line beneath it. It is represented by using a category symbol, which is a circle with a single line beneath it. The single lines denotes that not all subtypes are listed, which is an incomplete category cluster. The single lines denotes that not all subtypes are listed, which is an incomplete category cluster.

28. Copyright @2006, Michael McLaughlin28 IDEF1X Full categorization relations Full categorization relations A full category or subtype in IDEF1X represents a “is-a” or an Object-oriented (OO) inheritance relationship that is inclusive. A full category or subtype in IDEF1X represents a “is-a” or an Object-oriented (OO) inheritance relationship that is inclusive. It is represented by using a category symbol, which is a circle with a double line beneath it. It is represented by using a category symbol, which is a circle with a double line beneath it. The double lines denotes that all subtypes are listed, which is an complete category cluster. The double lines denotes that all subtypes are listed, which is an complete category cluster.

29. Copyright @2006, Michael McLaughlin29 Unified Modeling Language (UML) Non-identifying Non-identifying One-to-one One-to-one One-to-many One-to-many Identifying Identifying One-to-one One-to-one One-to-many One-to-many Non-specific Non-specific Many-to-many Many-to-many Categorization Categorization Partial categorization Partial categorization Full categorization Full categorization

30. Copyright @2006, Michael McLaughlin30 UML Non-identifying relations Non-identifying relations A non-identifying connection relationship shows a parent connected to a child by a solid line. A non-identifying connection relationship shows a parent connected to a child by a solid line. The minimum and maximum cardinality is separated by two dots or a single number. The minimum and maximum cardinality is separated by two dots or a single number. All non-identifying relationships have the same diagrammatic representation. All non-identifying relationships have the same diagrammatic representation. Only the minimum and maximum cardinality values change to represent one-to-one, one-to- many and many-to-many relationships. Only the minimum and maximum cardinality values change to represent one-to-one, one-to- many and many-to-many relationships.

31. Copyright @2006, Michael McLaughlin31 UML Identifying relations Identifying relations An identifying connection relationship shows a parent connected to a child by a solid line. An identifying connection relationship shows a parent connected to a child by a solid line. The minimum and maximum cardinality is separated by two dots or a single number. The minimum and maximum cardinality is separated by two dots or a single number. All identifying relationships have one of two diagrammatic representations. All identifying relationships have one of two diagrammatic representations. An open diamond represents object aggregation. An open diamond represents object aggregation. A closed diamond represents a specialized form of aggregation called composition. A closed diamond represents a specialized form of aggregation called composition. The minimum and maximum cardinality values change to represent one-to-one, one-to- many and many-to-many relationships. The minimum and maximum cardinality values change to represent one-to-one, one-to- many and many-to-many relationships.

32. Copyright @2006, Michael McLaughlin32 UML Subtype relations Subtype relations A category, subtype or subclass in UML represents a “is-a” or an Object-oriented (OO) inheritance relationship. A category, subtype or subclass in UML represents a “is-a” or an Object-oriented (OO) inheritance relationship. It is represented by using an inheritance symbol, which is a line with an arrow that points to the extended class. It is represented by using an inheritance symbol, which is a line with an arrow that points to the extended class. Full enumeration of subtypes or subclasses is the default pattern for UML. Full enumeration of subtypes or subclasses is the default pattern for UML.enumeration The diagram indicates a complete enumeration of gender - male and female. The diagram indicates a complete enumeration of gender - male and female. The diagram shows a parent may have one-to-many children; any given child is either a male or female. The diagram shows a parent may have one-to-many children; any given child is either a male or female.

33. Copyright @2006, Michael McLaughlin33 Summary Original E-R Original E-R Extended E-R Extended E-R Information Engineering (IE) Information Engineering (IE) IDEF1X IDEF1X Unified Modeling Language (UML) Unified Modeling Language (UML)