1. After Reading this Chapter you should be Able to  Define the key biographical characteristics  Identify two types of ability  Shape the behavior of others  Distinguish between the four schedules of reinforcement  Clarify the role of punishment in learning  Practice self-management  Exhibit effective discipline skills

2. Biographical Characteristics  Personal characteristics such as age, gender, and marital status- that are objective and easily obtained from personnel records

3. Ability  An individual’s capacity to perform the various tasks in a job

4. Intellectual ability  That required to do mental activities

5. Physical Ability  That required to do tasks demanding stamina, dexterity, strength and similar characteristics

6. Learning  Any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience

7. Classical Conditioning  Type of conditioning in which an individual responds to some stimulus that would not ordinarily produces such a response

8. Operant conditioning  A type of conditioning in which desired voluntary behavior leads to a reward or prevents a punishment

9. Social-learning theory  People can learn through observation and direct experience

10. Shaping behavior  Systematically reinforcing each successive step that moves an individual closer to the desired response.

11. Continuous reinforcement  A desired behavior is reinforced each and every time it is demonstrated

12. Intermittent reinforcement  A desired behavior is reinforced often enough to make the behavior worth repeating but not every time it is demonstrated

13. Fixed-Interval Schedule  Rewards are spaced at uniform time intervals

14. Variable-interval schedule  Rewards are distributed in time so that reinforcements are unpredictable

15. Fixed-ratio schedule  Rewards are initiated after a fixed or constant number of responses

16. Variable-ratio schedule  The reward varies relative to the behavior of the individual

17. OB Mod  The application of reinforcement concepts to individuals in the work setting

18. Self-management  Learning techniques that allow individuals to manage their own behavior so that less external management controls is necessary