1. 1 Behavior Modification John Frampton, Psy.D. Psychologist, Coordinator Niles Central

2. 2 “Faced with the choice between changing one’s mind and proving there is no need to do so, almost everyone gets busy on the proof” “Faced with the choice between changing one’s mind and proving there is no need to do so, almost everyone gets busy on the proof” -John Kenneth Galbraith -John Kenneth Galbraith

3. 3 Three Types of Behavior Learning Theory 1. Contiguity 2. Classical Conditioning 3. Operant Conditioning

4. 4 Behavior Modification Goals Five possible goals of behavior modification: Five possible goals of behavior modification: 1. Develop a new behavior 2. Strengthen a behavior 3. Maintain an established behavior 4. Stop inappropriate behavior 5. Modify emotional behavior

5. 5 Developing a New Behavior Shaping - reward successive steps to the final behavior Shaping - reward successive steps to the final behavior Approximation Approximation Continuous Reinforcement Continuous Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement principle Negative Reinforcement principle Cueing Cueing Skill Instruction Skill Instruction 5

6. 6 Strengthen a Behavior Decreasing Reinforcement Principle - require longer periods of time or more targeted behaviors for reinforcement to occur. Decreasing Reinforcement Principle - require longer periods of time or more targeted behaviors for reinforcement to occur. Intermittent Reward Intermittent Reward 6

7. 7 Maintain an Established Behavior Substitution Principle - To change reinforcers when a previously effective reward is no longer controlling behavior, present it just before the time you present the new, hopefully more effective reward. Substitution Principle - To change reinforcers when a previously effective reward is no longer controlling behavior, present it just before the time you present the new, hopefully more effective reward. 7

8. 8 Stop an Inappropriate Behavior Satiation Satiation Extinction Extinction Incompatible Alternative Incompatible Alternative Response Cost Response Cost 8

9. 9 Modify Emotional Behavior Fear Reduction Fear Reduction Shaping Shaping Coping skills instruction Coping skills instruction 9

10. 10 Externalizing the Problem Aligns you with the student Aligns you with the student The student versus their problem The student versus their problem Fosters ownership and movement when presented correctly Fosters ownership and movement when presented correctly Relieves pressure of blame and defensiveness, invites humor Relieves pressure of blame and defensiveness, invites humor Behavior modification is there to help them with this ‘battle’ Behavior modification is there to help them with this ‘battle’ Language used with students changes Language used with students changes 10

11. 11 Socratic Dialogue or Motivational Interviewing Adopt a curious stance....detective-like Adopt a curious stance....detective-like Remaining alert to student’s overt and covert cues is essential Remaining alert to student’s overt and covert cues is essential Challenging with empathy Challenging with empathy Obtain collaboration from the student, and agreement to move forward Obtain collaboration from the student, and agreement to move forward 11